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Questions and Answers
What is the primary site of cerebrospinal fluid formation?
What is the primary site of cerebrospinal fluid formation?
- Subarachnoid space
- Choroid plexus of the ventricles (correct)
- Cerebral cortex
- Spinal dorsal root ganglia
Approximately how much cerebrospinal fluid is normally present within the cerebral cavity?
Approximately how much cerebrospinal fluid is normally present within the cerebral cavity?
- 150 milliliters (correct)
- 1700 milliliters
- 30 milliliters
- 850 milliliters
Which structure primarily aids in the protection of the brain and spinal cord by regulating substances in cerebrospinal fluid?
Which structure primarily aids in the protection of the brain and spinal cord by regulating substances in cerebrospinal fluid?
- Cerebral arteries
- Blood-brain barrier
- Choroid plexus (correct)
- Ependymal cells
What is the average rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation in adults?
What is the average rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation in adults?
Where does the internal carotid artery branch off to supply oxygenated blood predominantly to the cerebrum?
Where does the internal carotid artery branch off to supply oxygenated blood predominantly to the cerebrum?
Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid is incorrect?
How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced by an adult in one day?
How much cerebrospinal fluid is produced by an adult in one day?
What is the approximate total capacity of the cerebral cavity that contains cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the approximate total capacity of the cerebral cavity that contains cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the osmotic pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to plasma?
What is the osmotic pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to plasma?
Which ion concentration in CSF is approximately 15% greater than that in plasma?
Which ion concentration in CSF is approximately 15% greater than that in plasma?
What is the primary structure through which cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the venous sinuses?
What is the primary structure through which cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the venous sinuses?
Which of the following components has a concentration of approximately 20-40 mg/100 ml in CSF?
Which of the following components has a concentration of approximately 20-40 mg/100 ml in CSF?
What does the specific gravity of CSF range from?
What does the specific gravity of CSF range from?
How is the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid mainly aided?
How is the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid mainly aided?
What is the average pressure range of cerebrospinal fluid in mm of H2O?
What is the average pressure range of cerebrospinal fluid in mm of H2O?
What is the characteristic color of healthy cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the characteristic color of healthy cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the daily formation rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the daily formation rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the largest volume?
Which part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has the largest volume?
What primarily stimulates the secretion of fluid by the choroid plexus?
What primarily stimulates the secretion of fluid by the choroid plexus?
Which ions are primarily involved in increasing the osmotically active substances in the CSF?
Which ions are primarily involved in increasing the osmotically active substances in the CSF?
What is the volume range of cerebrospinal fluid present within the ventricles?
What is the volume range of cerebrospinal fluid present within the ventricles?
Where does a small quantity of cerebrospinal fluid originate from besides the choroid plexus?
Where does a small quantity of cerebrospinal fluid originate from besides the choroid plexus?
How does the transport of sodium ions affect the formation of cerebrospinal fluid?
How does the transport of sodium ions affect the formation of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the approximate total quantity of cerebrospinal fluid in the body?
What is the approximate total quantity of cerebrospinal fluid in the body?
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Study Notes
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Overview
- CSF is a clear, colorless fluid found in cerebral ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.
- It plays a crucial role in protecting the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebral Circulation
- The Circle of Willis is a vital arterial junction at the base of the brain.
- Internal carotid arteries branch out here, supplying over 80% of the cerebrum with oxygenated blood.
CSF Formation
- CSF is primarily produced by the choroid plexus in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles.
- About 30% of CSF originates from ependymal cells and brain capillaries.
- The choroid plexus, a highly vascular structure covered by ependyma, actively secretes CSF.
Mechanism of CSF Formation
- Formation process involves secretion and filtration through capillaries and ependymal cells.
- A blood-CSF barrier regulates substance entry, protecting the central nervous system (CNS).
- Total cerebral cavity capacity is approximately 1600 to 1700 ml, with CSF occupying about 150 ml.
CSF Statistics
- CSF is produced at a rate of 20-25 ml/hour, or about 550 ml/day, turning over approximately 3.7 times daily.
- Distribution: 30-40 ml in the ventricles, 110-120 ml in the subarachnoid space (75-80 ml spinal, 25-30 ml cranial).
Secretion by Choroid Plexus
- Choroid plexus resembles a caulifower structure and secretes fluid via active sodium transport, attracting chloride and water.
- CSF composition features an osmotic pressure similar to plasma, with variations in sodium, chloride, potassium, and glucose levels.
CSF Absorption
- Arachnoidal villi allow CSF absorption into venous sinuses.
- Villi consist of fingerlike projections that facilitate the passage of CSF, proteins, and larger particles into the bloodstream.
CSF Composition
- Proteins: 20-40 mg/100 ml
- Glucose: 50-65 mg/100 ml
- Cholesterol: 0.2 mg/100 ml
- Sodium: 147 meq/Kg H2O
- Calcium: 2.3 meq/Kg H2O
- Urea: 12.0 mg/100 ml
- Creatinine: 1.5 mg/100 ml
- Lactic Acid: 18.0 mg/100 ml
Characteristics of CSF
- Appears clear and transparent, with a specific gravity of 1.004-1.007.
- Reaction is alkaline, and it does not coagulate.
- Average cell count: 0-3 cells/cmm.
- Normal pressure range: 60-150 mm of H2O; various activities can increase pressure.
CSF Circulation Pathway
- CSF is produced in the lateral ventricle, flows through the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) to the third ventricle.
- It moves via the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle.
- From the fourth ventricle, it enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord through the foramina of Magendie and Luschka.
- Arterial pulsations assist in the circulation of CSF.
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