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Questions and Answers
What type of cerebral white matter fibers connect one part of the cerebral cortex to another part in the same hemisphere?
What type of cerebral white matter fibers connect one part of the cerebral cortex to another part in the same hemisphere?
Which part of the corpus callosum connects the frontal cortices?
Which part of the corpus callosum connects the frontal cortices?
What is the largest bundle of nerve fibers in the association fibers?
What is the largest bundle of nerve fibers in the association fibers?
Which type of fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the subcortical nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres?
Which type of fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the subcortical nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres?
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What is the function of the uncinate fasciculus?
What is the function of the uncinate fasciculus?
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Which part of the corpus callosum connects the occipital cortices?
Which part of the corpus callosum connects the occipital cortices?
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What type of fibers connect one part of a hemisphere to the corresponding part of the opposite hemisphere?
What type of fibers connect one part of a hemisphere to the corresponding part of the opposite hemisphere?
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What is the name of the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the frontal and parietal lobes with the parahippocampal gyrus?
What is the name of the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the frontal and parietal lobes with the parahippocampal gyrus?
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Which tracts are present in the anterior limb of the internal capsule?
Which tracts are present in the anterior limb of the internal capsule?
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What is the location of the corticospinal fibers for the upper and lower limbs and trunk?
What is the location of the corticospinal fibers for the upper and lower limbs and trunk?
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Which of the following fibers are present in the retrolentiform part of the internal capsule?
Which of the following fibers are present in the retrolentiform part of the internal capsule?
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What can occur as a result of pin-point lesions of the internal capsule?
What can occur as a result of pin-point lesions of the internal capsule?
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Which of the following tracts is NOT present in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
Which of the following tracts is NOT present in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
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What is the location of the anterior part of the superior thalamocortical fibers?
What is the location of the anterior part of the superior thalamocortical fibers?
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Which part of the visual pathway receives fibers from the lower retinal quadrants?
Which part of the visual pathway receives fibers from the lower retinal quadrants?
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What is the function of the superior colliculus in the visual pathway?
What is the function of the superior colliculus in the visual pathway?
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Where do the cochlear fibers end in the auditory pathway?
Where do the cochlear fibers end in the auditory pathway?
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What is the function of the medial geniculate body in the auditory pathway?
What is the function of the medial geniculate body in the auditory pathway?
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What is the term used to describe the group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus?
What is the term used to describe the group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus?
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What is the name of the thin layer of grey matter that lies in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum?
What is the name of the thin layer of grey matter that lies in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum?
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What is the main function of the limbic system?
What is the main function of the limbic system?
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What is the function of the midline commissurotomy (Corpus callosotomy)?
What is the function of the midline commissurotomy (Corpus callosotomy)?
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What is the name of the cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and follows the lateral ventricle?
What is the name of the cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and follows the lateral ventricle?
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What is the term for the fibers of the corpus callosum in the horizontal plane?
What is the term for the fibers of the corpus callosum in the horizontal plane?
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Where do the auditory radiations arise from in the auditory pathway?
Where do the auditory radiations arise from in the auditory pathway?
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What is the name of the structure that lies ventrally to the corpus callosum?
What is the name of the structure that lies ventrally to the corpus callosum?
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What is the name of the sinus that lies dorsally to the corpus callosum?
What is the name of the sinus that lies dorsally to the corpus callosum?
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What is the term for the two longitudinally directed strands of fibers in the indusium griseum?
What is the term for the two longitudinally directed strands of fibers in the indusium griseum?
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What is the name of the part of the corpus callosum that lies between the body and splenium?
What is the name of the part of the corpus callosum that lies between the body and splenium?
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What is the caudal relation of the corpus callosum?
What is the caudal relation of the corpus callosum?
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What is the primary function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
What is the primary function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
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Which part of the limbic system is involved in the formation of recognition memory?
Which part of the limbic system is involved in the formation of recognition memory?
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What is the main function of the hippocampal formation?
What is the main function of the hippocampal formation?
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Which disorder is associated with damage to the mammillary bodies?
Which disorder is associated with damage to the mammillary bodies?
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What is the primary function of the insular cortex?
What is the primary function of the insular cortex?
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Which part of the limbic system is involved in rewarding and pleasurable activities?
Which part of the limbic system is involved in rewarding and pleasurable activities?
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What is a common disorder associated with damage to the hippocampal formation?
What is a common disorder associated with damage to the hippocampal formation?
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What is the primary function of the anterior thalamic nucleus?
What is the primary function of the anterior thalamic nucleus?
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Study Notes
Types of Cerebral White Matter Fibers
- Association (Arcuate) Fibers: connect one part of the cerebral cortex to another part in the same hemisphere
- Commissural Fibers: cross the midline and connect one part of a hemisphere to the corresponding part of the opposite hemisphere
- Projection Fibers: connect the cerebral cortex to the subcortical nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres and with nuclei in the diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord
Association Fibers
- Short Association Fibers: U-shaped, pass from one part of a gyrus to another part of the same gyrus or adjacent gyrus of the same lobe
- Long Association Fibers: run long distances between cortical areas of different lobes, forming visible nerve bundles
- Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus: connects the anterior part of the frontal lobe to the occipital and temporal lobes
- Cingulum: within the white matter of the cingulate gyrus, connects frontal and parietal lobes with the parahippocampal gyrus
- Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus: from the occipital to temporal lobes
- Uncinate Fasciculus: from inferior frontal lobe gyri to temporal lobe
Commissural Fibers: Corpus Callosum
- Rostrum: tapered anterior end connecting the orbital cortices
- Genu: sharp backward bend from the rostrum, connecting frontal cortices
- Body (Trunk): largest, convex upwards, connecting parietotemporal cortices
- Splenium: thick rounded posterior end, connecting occipital cortices
- Isthmus: the area between the body and splenium
- Fibers in the Sagittal Plane:
- Tapetum
- Fibers in the Horizontal Plane:
- Commissural fibers
- Fibers in the Coronal Plane:
- Supracallosal gyrus or Indusium Griseum
- Medial and Lateral Longitudinal Striae (of Lancisi)
- Median Relations:
- Dorsally: Inferior Sagittal Sinus in the lower free border of the falx cerebri
- Caudally: Inferior Sagittal Sinus joins the Great Cerebral Vein → Straight Sinus → Transverse Sinus
- Ventrally: Septum Pellucidum, Interventricular Foramen (of Monro), Fornix (& its Commissure), Pineal Body
- Paramedian Relations:
- Dorsally: Pericallosal Branch of ACA, Cingulate Gyrus
- Caudally: Post.Horn of Lateral Ventricles
- Ventrally: Ant.Horn & Body of Lateral Ventricles
Midline Commissurotomy (Corpus Callosotomy) & Split-Brain Syndrome
- Prevents epileptic seizures from spreading from one half of the brain to the other
Internal Capsule
- Parts:
- Anterior Limb
- Genu
- Posterior Limb
- Fibers:
- Descending Tracts:
- Anterior Thalamocortical Fibers
- Corticonuclear & Corticospinal Fibers
- Ascending Tracts:
- Optic Radiation
- Auditory Radiation
- Descending Tracts:
Visual Pathways
- Medial smaller root of the Optic Tract forms the Superior Brachium which passes to the Midbrain and synapses in the Superior Colliculus (general light reflex) and Pretectal Nucleus (pupillary light reflex) to mediate the light reflexes
Auditory Pathways
- Cochlear Fibers end in the Cochlear Nuclei and 2 sets of fibers arise
- Dorsal Fibers cross the Pontine Tegmentum to the Contralateral Lateral Lemniscus
- Ventral Fibers synapse bilaterally in Superior Oliuary Nucleus Complex to the Bilateral Lateral Lemnisci
- The Lateral Lemniscus ends at the Inferior Colliculus of the Midbrain
- The Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) receives the Inferior Brachium from the Inferior Colliculus of the Midbrain
- The Auditory Radiation arises from the MGB, passes through the Sublentiform Part of the Internal Capsule to reach the Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe)
The Limbic System
- Definition: a group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus, concerned with regulating behaviors related to the objectives of primitive life (Sustenance, shelter, and sex)
- Cortical Areas: Anterior Thalamic Nucleus (Emotion), Mammillary Bodies (Facial Recognition)
- Functions and Disorders:
- Amygdala: signals the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli, related disorders: Anxiety, Autism, Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Phobias
- Hippocampal Formation: Learning (Conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories), related disorders: Anterograde Amnesia, Alzheimer's Disease, Navigational Disability
- Septal Nuclei: Reward & Pleasure Center, related disorders: Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Schizophrenia, Bipolar, OCD)
- Mammillary Bodies: Formation of Recognition Memory, related disorders: Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness)
- Insular Cortex: Social Emotions, related disorders: Addictive Behavior
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Description
Learn about the different types of cerebral white matter fibers, including association, commissural, and projection fibers, and their functions in the brain.
