Cerebral Cortex Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for personality and behavior?

  • Premotor area
  • Postcentral gyrus
  • Insula
  • Prefrontal area (correct)

    • Which area of the cortex is responsible for programming and preparing for movement?

  • Primary visual cortex
  • Somesthetic association area
  • Primary auditory area
  • Premotor area (correct)

    • What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

  • Programming movements
  • Primary somesthetic sensation (correct)
  • Control posture
  • Primary auditory processing

    • Which of the following areas is involved in recognizing sound sources?

    <p>Auditory association area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The insula is a part of the cortex that is located where?

    <p>Deep within the lateral sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from a lesion in the somesthetic association area?

    <p>Astereognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily responsible for receiving visual impulses?

    <p>Primary visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the taste area located in relation to the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>At the lower end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the precentral gyrus?

    <p>Controlling voluntary motor movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

    <p>Lateral sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major role of the cingulate gyrus?

    <p>Involvement in the limbic system related to memory and emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central sulcus separate?

    <p>Frontal lobe from the parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the cortex is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory inputs?

    <p>Postcentral gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the corpus callosum?

    <p>Composed of nerve fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parieto-occipital sulcus?

    <p>Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the cerebral cortex is primarily involved in motor functions?

    <p>Layer 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest commissural fibre that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the corpus callosum curves backward into the occipital lobe?

    <p>Splenium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which association fibre is known as the largest association fibre in the brain?

    <p>Superior longitudinal fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the two hemispheres through the temporal lobe?

    <p>Anterior commissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which association fibres lie beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri?

    <p>Short association fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the naming process of an object, which cortical regions are involved providing the functional interface?

    <p>Angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibre connects the motor speech area with the gyri of the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe?

    <p>Uncinate fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cingulum connect within the brain?

    <p>Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, and temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the cerebellum?

    <p>Posterior inferior cerebellar artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior communicating artery?

    <p>It allows alternative pathways for blood supply in case of a blockage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the medial surface of the cortex related to lower limb function?

    <p>Anterior cerebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with prosopagnosia is likely to have suffered damage in which area of the brain?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stroke results from the rupture of a blood vessel?

    <p>Haemorrhagic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the right anterior cerebral artery typically leads to which loss of function?

    <p>Paralysis of the right leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the middle cerebral artery is to supply which area?

    <p>Lateral surface of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ischemic strokes are primarily caused by what?

    <p>Blockage of arteries by blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of layer 5 in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>It contains pyramidal cells that give rise to efferent fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus is located medial to the internal capsule?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Broca's area in the brain?

    <p>Forming words and expressive language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is likely to result from a lesion in Wernicke's area?

    <p>Inability to comprehend spoken and written words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the primary motor cortex compared to the primary sensory cortex?

    <p>Layer 5 is thicker in primary motor cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the internal capsule?

    <p>Corona radiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere is typically dominant for language in right-handed individuals?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional significance do the Betz cells in layer 5 provide?

    <p>They facilitate the 'Pyramidal tract' for voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does the motor and sensory homunculus exhibit?

    <p>Contralateral and inverted body part representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain fibers connect regions of the same hemisphere?

    <p>Association fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the basis of arterial supply to the brain?

    <p>Circle of Willis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the brain's ability to adapt structurally and functionally in response to experiences or injuries?

    <p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the lentiform nucleus from the internal capsule?

    <p>None, they are adjacent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with layer 4 of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Receiving thalamocortical afferent signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of damage to a specific area of the brain regarding task performance?

    <p>Transfer of tasks to another area of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the brain is Wernicke's area primarily located?

    <p>Superior temporal gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Identify major sulci, gyri, and lobes.
    • Identify and describe major cortical areas in terms of their pathway and function.
    • Explain signs and symptoms following a lesion to major cortical areas.
    • Identify and describe white matter (commissural, association, and projection fibers) of the cerebral hemisphere.
    • Describe major layers (layer 3, 4, and 5) of the cerebral cortex and their significance.
    • Identify and describe the major blood supply of the brain.
    • Describe the formation and significance of the circle of Willis.

    Cerebral Cortex

    • Cortex is composed of gray matter.
    • It forms a complete covering of the cerebral hemisphere.
    • Sulci = grooves/depressions.
    • Gyri = folds/convolutions.

    Sulcus vs Fissure

    • Fissure = deeper groove compared to a sulcus.
    • Longitudinal fissure = separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

    Lobes

    • Central sulcus = starts at the superior medial border of each hemisphere and separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
    • Lateral sulcus (aka sylvian fissure) = separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.
    • Parieto-occipital sulcus = separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

    Calcarine Sulcus

    • Runs within the occipital lobe.

    Corpus Collosum

    • Composed of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres.

    Above the Corpus Collosum

    • Cingulate gyrus is involved in the limbic system (memory and emotion).
    • Paracentral lobule is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the central sulcus.
    • The paracentral lobule surrounds the central sulcus.
    • Anterior = precentral gyrus.
    • Posterior = postcentral gyrus.

    Primary Motor Area

    • Occupies the precentral gyrus and anterior part of the paracentral lobule.

    Primary Somesthetic Area

    • Occupies the postcentral gyrus and posterior part of the paracentral lobule.

    Insula

    • Cannot be seen unless the surrounding brain matter is removed.
    • Lies deep within the lateral sulcus.
    • Function of left frontal lobe is involved in personality and behavior.

    Cortical Areas

    • Precentral gyrus = primary motor area.
    • Postcentral gyrus = primary somesthetic (somatosensory) area.
    • Below the lateral sulcus = superior temporal gyrus.
    • Primary auditory area = receives auditory impulses.
    • Primary visual area = receives visual impulses.

    Primary Visual Cortex

    • Surrounded by the calcarine sulcus.

    Overview of Cortical Areas

    • Premotor area = programming of and preparing for movement and is involved in posture control.
    • Prefrontal area (cortex) = personality, thinking, judgment, and decision-making.
    • Taste area = at the lower end of the postcentral gyrus and insula.
    • Insula = part of the cortex hidden deeper than the lateral sulcus.

    Somesthetic Association Area

    • Occupies the superior parietal lobule.
    • Allows recognition of general sensations with other sensory stuff along with past sensory experience.
    • Ability to recognize form, size, and texture of an object by touch—known as stereognosis.
    • Lesion = astereognosis.

    Auditory Association Area

    • Ability to recognize what causes the sound.

    Visual Association Area

    • Ability to recognize and appreciate what is seen.

    Language Areas

    • Broca's area: found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe (dominant hemisphere).
      • Responsible for expressive aspects of language, allowing the formation of words.
      • Lesion results in expressive aphasia (difficulty forming words or expressing speech, but understanding meaning).
    • Wernicke's area: mainly located in the superior temporal gyrus and extends around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus into the parietal region (dominant hemisphere).
      • Responsible for comprehension of spoken words.
      • Allows understanding of written and spoken language, reading sentences and expressing them out loud
      • Lesion results in receptive aphasia (speaking but unable to understand spoken and written words resulting in incorrect words and nonexistent words)

    Everything Labelled

    • Diagram showing various labelled areas of the brain (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).

    Motor and Sensory Homunculi

    • Diagram showing specific body parts mapped onto the motor and sensory cortex.

    White Matter of the Cerebral Hemisphere

    • Commissural fibres = connect regions of the two hemispheres.
    • Association fibres = connect cortical regions within the same hemisphere.
    • Projection fibres = afferent and efferent fibres.
    • Corpus callosum = largest commissural fibre connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

    Corpus Collosum Structures

    • Made up of four parts: splenium, body, genu, and rostrum.
    • Forceps minor = fibres of genu curve forward into the frontal lobe.
    • Forceps major = fibres of splenium curve backward into the occipital lobe.

    Commissural Fibres

    • Anterior commissure fibres = connect the two hemispheres via the temporal lobe.

    • Association fibres = connect cortical regions within the same hemisphere.

    • Short association fibres = lie beneath the cortex, connecting adjacent gyri.

    • Long association fibres = connect lobes within the same hemisphere.

      • Superior longitudinal fasciculus = largest association fibre, connecting frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
      • Inferior longitudinal fasciculus = connects occipital and temporal lobes.

    • Uncinate fasciculus = connects motor/speech areas and gyri of the frontal lobe with the temporal lobe.

    • Cingulum = found in the cingulate gyrus connecting the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal lobe

    Naming an Object

    • Different cortical regions work together to decipher an object (like a chair).
    • Angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus = important in naming, reading, writing and calculation, serve as an interface between auditory and visual association areas.
    • Pathway = visual cortex → higher-order visual association area → angular gyrus → Wernicke's area → arcuate fasciculus → Broca's area → primary motor area

    Projection Fibres

    • Afferent fibres.
    • Efferent fibres.

    Internal Capsule

    • Superior to the brainstem.
    • Composed of the anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb.
    • Caudate nucleus = medial to the internal capsule.
    • Thalamus = medial to the internal capsule.
    • Lentiform nucleus = lateral to the internal capsule..
    • Consists of the putamen and globus pallidus
    • Corona radiata = superior to the nuclear masses of gray matter.

    Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

    • Consists of six layers.
    • Layer 1 = more superficial layer.
    • Layer 3 = neurons give rise to association/commissural fibres.
    • Layer 4 = termination site for thalamocortical afferents.
    • Layer 5 = efferent fibres (e.g., pyramidal cells forming the pyramidal tract in the primary motor area)

    Variation in Cortical Layers

    • Different cortical areas have different layer thicknesses depending on their function.
    • Layer 5 is thicker in the primary motor cortex due to the abundance of Betz cells.
    • Layer 4 is thicker in the primary sensory cortex due to more termination of thalamocortical afferents.

    Arterial Supply - Circle of Willis

    • Ventral arteries (paired, left and right) travel across the neck and enter the skull.
    • They join to form the basilar artery (on the basilar part of the pons).
    • Anterior spinal arteries branch off to supply the spinal cord.
    • Posterior inferior cerebellar artery supplies the cerebellum.
    • Basilar artery branches into pontine arteries—supplying the pons.
    • Basilar artery also supplies the cerebellum via the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery.
    • Posterior arteries (paired, left and right).
    • Internal carotid arteries (left and right) enter the skull and branch into:
      • Anterior cerebral artery
      • Middle cerebral artery
      • Posterior cerebral artery
    • Anterior communicating artery provides lateral circulation.
    • Anterior cerebral artery + middle cerebral artery + posterior cerebral artery = supply the cortex.

    Medial and Inferior Surfaces

    • Medial surface is associated with lower limbs and supply the leg area.
    • ACA/Anterior cerebral artery
    • MCA/Middle cerebral artery
    • PCA/Posterior cerebral artery.

    Loss of Function – Cerebral Artery

    • Stroke occurs due to haemorrhagic or ischaemic conditions.
    • Results in various functional losses depending on the affected cerebral artery and region of brain damage.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the cerebral cortex, including major sulci, gyri, lobes, and cortical areas. This quiz also covers the significance of white matter and the brain's blood supply. Perfect for students studying neuroanatomy!

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