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Questions and Answers
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a progressive condition that changes over time.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a progressive condition that changes over time.
False
The incidence of cerebral palsy is reported to be between 2 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births in developed countries.
The incidence of cerebral palsy is reported to be between 2 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births in developed countries.
True
Cerebral palsy can only affect motor functions, with no impact on sensory or cognitive abilities.
Cerebral palsy can only affect motor functions, with no impact on sensory or cognitive abilities.
False
The prevalence of athetoid type of cerebral palsy has increased while spastic diplegia has decreased.
The prevalence of athetoid type of cerebral palsy has increased while spastic diplegia has decreased.
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Cerebral palsy can be caused by factors that occur both in-utero and during the early developmental years.
Cerebral palsy can be caused by factors that occur both in-utero and during the early developmental years.
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Cerebral palsy is more common in females than in males.
Cerebral palsy is more common in females than in males.
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Genetic causes account for a significant percentage of the diagnosed cases of cerebral palsy.
Genetic causes account for a significant percentage of the diagnosed cases of cerebral palsy.
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Maternal diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of cerebral palsy.
Maternal diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of cerebral palsy.
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The five types of cerebral palsy include spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed.
The five types of cerebral palsy include spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed.
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Acquired cerebral palsy occurs only before birth.
Acquired cerebral palsy occurs only before birth.
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Children with brain damage sustained before the age of 2 can be diagnosed with cerebral palsy.
Children with brain damage sustained before the age of 2 can be diagnosed with cerebral palsy.
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Acquired cerebral palsy is a more uniform group compared to congenital cerebral palsy.
Acquired cerebral palsy is a more uniform group compared to congenital cerebral palsy.
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Individuals with spastic cerebral palsy experience muscle stiffness and slow movements.
Individuals with spastic cerebral palsy experience muscle stiffness and slow movements.
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The term cerebral palsy is often used to refer to individuals with acquired conditions.
The term cerebral palsy is often used to refer to individuals with acquired conditions.
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People with spasticity may develop contractures and deformities due to reduced range of movement.
People with spasticity may develop contractures and deformities due to reduced range of movement.
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Study Notes
Cerebral Palsy
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental condition starting in early childhood and lasting throughout life.
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Originally described by Little in 1861, initially called "cerebral paresis."
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CP is a non-progressive central nervous system (CNS) deficit.
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Lesions can be located in a single or multiple areas of the brain, leading to motor and potentially sensory abnormalities.
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Causes include factors in the womb (congenital CP), events during labor and delivery, or a combination of factors during early development (acquired CP).
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Bax (1964) defined CP as a movement and posture disorder caused by defects or lesions in the immature brain.
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Mutch and colleagues (1992) defined CP as a group of non-progressive (but sometimes changing) motor impairments due to brain lesions or abnormalities during early development.
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CP is characterized by permanent movement and posture disorders resulting from non-progressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant brain.
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Symptoms often include sensory, perceptual, cognitive, communication, and behavioral challenges.
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Other complications often associated with CP include epilepsy and musculoskeletal problems.
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Disorders of posture and movement excluded from CP are those of short duration, caused by progressive diseases, or solely due to mental deficiency.
Incidence and Prevalence
- Approximately 550,000–764,000 Americans have a diagnosis of CP.
- About 9,750 new cases are diagnosed annually (UCP, 2003).
- The incidence of CP in developed countries is generally 2–2.5 per 1,000 live births (Scherzer, 2001).
- Prevalence has risen in industrialized countries.
- Spastic diplegia has become more common than athetoid types (Scherzer, 2001).
- CP incidence is slightly higher in premature infants and infants born small for gestational age.
- CP is slightly more common in males than females.
Risk Factors
- Antenatal: Prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine infections, multiple gestation, pregnancy complications.
- Perinatal: Birth asphyxia, complicated labor and delivery, (10% of CP cases).
- Postnatal: Non-accidental injuries, head trauma, meningitis/encephalitis, cardiopulmonary arrest.
- Obstetrical Care: Magnesium sulfate, antibiotics, corticosteroids.
Genetic Causes
- Genetic factors account for only about 2% of CP cases.
- Some rare genetic syndromes, like Joubert, Marinesco-Sjogren, Gillespie, and Behr syndromes, are linked to CP. These syndromes often show ataxia.
Maternal Disorders
- Maternal conditions that restrict fetal oxygen supply, like bleeding during pregnancy, placental infarction, preeclampsia/toxemia, small size for gestational age or diabetes of the mother, and multiple pregnancies, can increase CP risk
Other Medical Conditions
- Meningitis and encephalitis are common infectious causes of CP.
- Late-onset hydrocephalus and neoplastic intracranial lesions (brain tumors), as well as intracranial hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations, can be underlying conditions linked with Cerebral Palsy.
Types of Cerebral Palsy
- CP types are classified by muscle tone characteristics: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, and mixed.
- Spastic CP: Stiff muscles, slow movements, difficulties with speed and direction of movement.
- Dyskinetic CP: Involuntary, writhing movements, variable muscle tone, imprecise movements. Can underreach or overreach.
- Ataxic CP: Poor balance, coordination problems, difficulty controlling timing and accuracy.
- Hypotonic CP: Decreased muscle tone; weak muscles, excessive joint movement, delayed milestones.
- Mixed CP: Combination of two or more types of CP.
Acquired Cerebral Palsy
- Brain damage after early infancy, due to infection and/or head injury, can result in Acquired CP.
- Individuals with acquired CP have a more diverse profile than congenital CP patients, and these patients are often categorized based on their specific disorder (such as diffuse hypotonia, spastic quadriplegia).
Characteristics of Different CP Types
- Spastic: Stiff muscles, slow/reduced movement, and velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement.
- Dyskinetic: Uncontrolled/involuntary movements, variable muscle tone, inconsistent movements.
- Ataxic: Poor balance, imprecise coordinated movements.
- Hypotonic: Reduced muscle tone and weak muscle strength, excessively flexible joints.
Abnormal Oral Movement Patterns and Posture
- Lip Retraction: Tight lips, forced into a smile position, difficulty feeding.
- Jaw Thrust & Lack of Jaw Grading: Forceful downward jaw extension, fixed jaw position.
- Tonic Bite: Strong, forceful bite initiated by chewing stimulation, hard to release.
- Tongue Retraction: Tongue held tightly back in the oral cavity, limited range of motion, difficult manipulating utensils.
- Tongue Thrust: Retention of extrusion reflex, thick appearance of the tongue, issues with the transport of food.
- Nasal Regurgitation: Food/liquid flows backwards through the nose due to velar dysfunction (soft palate).
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Description
Explore the essential concepts surrounding cerebral palsy, a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts motor and sensory functions. Learn about its historical definitions, causes, and the underlying neurological factors involved. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how cerebral palsy affects individuals throughout their lives.
