Cerebral Palsy Overview and Etiology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of spastic cerebral palsy?

  • Involves difficulty with balance and coordination.
  • A combination of two or more types of cerebral palsy.
  • Characterized by slow, writhing involuntary movements.
  • Characterized by tight, stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes leading to movement and posture difficulties. (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions can lead to cerebral palsy if left untreated?

  • Prolonged labor
  • Placental abruption
  • Severe jaundice (correct)
  • Premature birth

    • What is the term used to describe cases where the exact cause of cerebral palsy cannot be determined?

  • Idiopathic (correct)
  • Congenital
  • Postnatal
  • Acquired

    • Which type of cerebral palsy involves difficulty with walking and fine motor skills due to problems with balance and coordination?

    <p>Ataxic cerebral palsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a risk factor for cerebral palsy, according to the provided text?

    <p>Low birth weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame during which the brain insult leading to cerebral palsy can occur?

    <p>From conception to age 3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of dyskinetic cerebral palsy?

    <p>Involuntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cerebral palsy?

    <p>Exposure to environmental toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment for cerebral palsy?

    <p>Antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of occupational therapy for individuals with Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>Developing fine motor skills and improving daily living activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Cerebral Palsy and Spina Bifida?

    <p>Spina Bifida symptoms are more dependent on the level of spinal cord involvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic often associated with both Cerebral Palsy and Autism?

    <p>Abnormal reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for individuals with Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>Manage symptoms and improve quality of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>Spinal muscular atrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'non-progressive' mean in the context of Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>The brain damage does not worsen over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential prenatal cause of Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>Maternal health issues like preeclampsia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Cerebral Palsy and conditions like spinal muscular atrophy?

    <p>Cerebral Palsy is caused by brain damage, while spinal muscular atrophy affects the muscles and nerves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known contributing factor to the development of Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>Exposure to environmental toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Cerebral Palsy affect the body?

    <p>It impairs the ability to control movement, muscle tone, and coordination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category encompasses causes of Cerebral Palsy that are unknown?

    <p>Idiopathic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason why a lack of oxygen to the brain during pregnancy can lead to Cerebral Palsy?

    <p>It can cause damage to the developing brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cerebral Palsy

    A group of neurological disorders affecting movement and coordination due to brain damage.

    Non-progressive

    Condition that does not worsen over time, referring to brain damage in CP.

    Brain Lesions

    Abnormal areas in the brain corresponding to movement and motor control issues in CP.

    Etiology of CP

    Causes of cerebral palsy, including prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors.

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    Prenatal Causes

    Factors before birth contributing to CP, such as genetic factors and infections.

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    Hypoxia

    A lack of oxygen supply to the brain, a significant prenatal cause of CP.

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    Maternal Health Issues

    Conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure during pregnancy that increase CP risk.

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    Unknown Causes

    Factors contributing to CP with no identified reasons, also termed idiopathic causes.

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    Birth Asphyxia

    Lack of oxygen to the baby during birth due to various complications.

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    Premature Birth

    Babies born before 37 weeks are more at risk for brain injuries.

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    Infections in Childhood

    Early infections like meningitis can lead to brain damage and CP.

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    Jaundice

    Severe jaundice in newborns can cause kernicterus, damaging the brain.

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    Spastic Cerebral Palsy

    Characterized by tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes affecting movement.

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    Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

    Involves involuntary movements, either slow or rapid and jerky.

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    Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

    Affects balance and coordination, impacting fine motor skills.

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    Idiopathic Causes

    Cases of cerebral palsy with no identifiable cause.

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    Early Intervention

    Programs and therapies provided early to improve outcomes for children with developmental issues.

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    Physical Therapy

    Therapy focusing on exercises to enhance muscle tone, flexibility, and motion range.

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    Differential Diagnosis

    Process of distinguishing between different diseases that could cause similar symptoms.

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    Global Developmental Delay

    Umbrella term for delayed motor functions and other developmental milestones not fitting CP criteria.

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    Study Notes

    Cerebral Palsy

    • Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, and coordination.
    • CP is caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before, during, or shortly after birth.
    • The brain damage does not worsen over time; the condition is non-progressive.
    • CP is specifically linked to brain lesions.
    • Conditions affecting peripheral nerves or muscles, like spinal muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, or myelomeningocele, are not considered CP.

    Etiology

    • CP results from brain injury or abnormal brain development.
    • Prenatal causes include genetic factors, infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis, Zika), lack of oxygen (hypoxia), maternal health issues (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, preeclampsia), and multiple pregnancies.
    • Perinatal causes include birth asphyxia, premature birth, and birth trauma including forceps or vacuum extraction.
    • Postnatal causes include infections in early childhood (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis), head injuries, and strokes.
    • In some cases, the exact cause is unknown (idiopathic).

    Pathophysiology

    • CP presents with various types and severities of symptoms.
    • Spastic CP: Characterized by tight, stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes, leading to difficulty with movement and posture.
    • Dyskinetic CP: Involves involuntary movements, either slow and writhing or rapid and jerky, affecting the ability to control muscle movements.
    • Ataxic CP: Affects balance and coordination, causing difficulties with walking and fine motor skills.
    • Mixed CP: A combination of two or more types, often spasticity with another movement disorder like ataxia.

    Motor Types

    • Spastic CP: Most common (70-80%), characterized by stiff and tight muscles, arising from damage to the motor cortex.
    • Dyskinetic CP: (6%), characterized by involuntary movements, arising from damage to the basal ganglia.
    • Ataxic CP: (6%), characterized by shaky movements, affecting balance and sense of positioning, arising from damage to the cerebellum.
    • Mixed CP: Combination damage resulting from a combination of these types.

    Epidemiology

    • CP affects all races.
    • Lower socioeconomic status and male sex may be risk factors.
    • The initiating event occurs anytime between prenatal development and age 3.
    • Children are usually not diagnosed until after age 1.
    • A diagnosis can be delayed in cases where symptoms mimic those due to other conditions, and the true etiology of the brain injury (e.g., trauma, infection, metabolic condition, etc.) needs to be documented.

    Treatment

    • Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
    • It may include physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
    • Medications, surgery, and assistive devices may also be part of the treatment plan.
    • Early intervention is crucial for improving outcomes and helping individuals lead independent and fulfilling lives.

    Differential Diagnosis

    • Global developmental delay (GDD) is an umbrella term for symptoms that might not be considered CP or other syndromes, and often present with delayed motor function.
    • Spina bifida shares some similarities with CP (e.g., learning disabilities, deformities), but the symptoms depend on spinal cord levels and may not present with behavioral problems as frequently.
    • Autism, while sharing delayed motor development, presents more frequently with behavioral problems.

    Medical Procedures

    • Physical therapy: Exercises and stretches for better muscle tone, flexibility, and range of motion
    • Occupational therapy: Focuses on improving daily activities and fine motor skills.
    • Speech therapy: To enhance communication skills and swallowing difficulties.
    • Medications: Muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin injections for managing spasticity, seizures, and other symptoms.

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    Cerebral Palsy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the basics of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, causes, and the impact of brain lesions. You'll learn about prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors that contribute to this non-progressive neurological disorder. Test your understanding of this condition affecting movement and muscle coordination.

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