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Questions and Answers
The surface area of the cerebral cortex is approximately $1500cm^2$.
The surface area of the cerebral cortex is approximately $1500cm^2$.
False
The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
False
The primary motor area is located in the parietal lobe.
The primary motor area is located in the parietal lobe.
False
The frontal eye field is involved in the processing of visual information.
The frontal eye field is involved in the processing of visual information.
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The Brodmann areas are a classification system for the histological structure of the cerebral cortex.
The Brodmann areas are a classification system for the histological structure of the cerebral cortex.
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The primary somaesthetic area is located in the frontal lobe.
The primary somaesthetic area is located in the frontal lobe.
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The inferior border of the cerebral cortex is adjacent to the white matter of the cerebrum.
The inferior border of the cerebral cortex is adjacent to the white matter of the cerebrum.
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The peristriate area is involved in the processing of auditory information.
The peristriate area is involved in the processing of auditory information.
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Afferent fibers from specific nuclei of thalamus go to Laminae V-VI.
Afferent fibers from specific nuclei of thalamus go to Laminae V-VI.
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Laminae I and VI are concerned with sensorial modalities.
Laminae I and VI are concerned with sensorial modalities.
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Type II or frontal cortex has granule cells and stellate cells present.
Type II or frontal cortex has granule cells and stellate cells present.
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Type III or parietal cortex has all layers reduced in depth.
Type III or parietal cortex has all layers reduced in depth.
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Type V or granular cortex is seen in motor cortex.
Type V or granular cortex is seen in motor cortex.
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Prefrontal cortex is also called premotor area of cortex.
Prefrontal cortex is also called premotor area of cortex.
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Temporal lobe is a subdivision of the frontal lobe.
Temporal lobe is a subdivision of the frontal lobe.
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Laminae III-V are concerned with somatomotor and visceromotor activities.
Laminae III-V are concerned with somatomotor and visceromotor activities.
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The primary motor area is located in area 44 and 45 of the brain.
The primary motor area is located in area 44 and 45 of the brain.
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The premotor area is responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements.
The premotor area is responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements.
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Lesions in the premotor area result in hemiplegia with flaccid paralysis.
Lesions in the premotor area result in hemiplegia with flaccid paralysis.
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The primary motor area has 5 layers of cortex.
The primary motor area has 5 layers of cortex.
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The motor homunculus represents the body in an upright position.
The motor homunculus represents the body in an upright position.
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Area 45 is responsible for the suppression of movements.
Area 45 is responsible for the suppression of movements.
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The primary motor area is organized in terms of individual muscles.
The primary motor area is organized in terms of individual muscles.
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Stimulation of the primary motor area causes bilateral response.
Stimulation of the primary motor area causes bilateral response.
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The primary sensory area is located in the pre-central gyrus.
The primary sensory area is located in the pre-central gyrus.
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A lesion in the secondary sensory area results in the loss of discriminative functions.
A lesion in the secondary sensory area results in the loss of discriminative functions.
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The sensory association areas are located in the pre-central gyrus.
The sensory association areas are located in the pre-central gyrus.
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The parietal lobe receives afferents from the SI and SII areas.
The parietal lobe receives afferents from the SI and SII areas.
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A lesion in the sensory association areas results in the loss of tactile agnosia.
A lesion in the sensory association areas results in the loss of tactile agnosia.
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The primary sensory area is responsible for the processing of auditory information.
The primary sensory area is responsible for the processing of auditory information.
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The parietal lobe is involved in the processing of visual information.
The parietal lobe is involved in the processing of visual information.
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The histology of the primary sensory area consists of dense pyramidal cells.
The histology of the primary sensory area consists of dense pyramidal cells.
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The primary somatic sensory area (SI) is involved in the perception of sensation.
The primary somatic sensory area (SI) is involved in the perception of sensation.
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The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
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Area 3 of the primary somatic sensory area (SI) is involved in processing deep sense from muscles and joints.
Area 3 of the primary somatic sensory area (SI) is involved in processing deep sense from muscles and joints.
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The secondary somatic sensory area (SII) receives input from the thalamus and the primary somatic sensory area (SI).
The secondary somatic sensory area (SII) receives input from the thalamus and the primary somatic sensory area (SI).
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The sensory association area is located in areas 5 and 7 of the parietal lobe.
The sensory association area is located in areas 5 and 7 of the parietal lobe.
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Wernicke's area is located in the inferior temporal gyrus.
Wernicke's area is located in the inferior temporal gyrus.
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The temporal lobe is involved in the interpretation of meaning and comprehension of spoken language.
The temporal lobe is involved in the interpretation of meaning and comprehension of spoken language.
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Unilateral removal of the temporal lobe results in a significant loss of auditory function.
Unilateral removal of the temporal lobe results in a significant loss of auditory function.
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Study Notes
Cerebral Cortex
- The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum, responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and managing higher-level cognitive functions.
External Features
- The cerebral cortex has distinct poles (frontal, occipital, and temporal), surfaces (superolateral, medial, and inferior), and borders (superomedial, inferolateral, and medial).
Sulci and Gyri
- The cerebral cortex has numerous sulci (fissures) and gyri (folds) that increase its surface area, allowing for more neurons and a greater capacity for processing information.
- The surface area of the cortex is approximately 2200 cm².
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
- The cerebral hemispheres are divided into four lobes: frontal (motor), parietal (sensory), temporal (auditory), and occipital (visual).
Cortical Functional Areas
- The cortical functional areas are categorized into motor, sensory, auditory, and visual areas, each with distinct Brodmann areas.
- The primary motor area (4) is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, while the premotor area (6) is involved in planning and coordinating movements.
- The primary sensory area (3, 1, 2) receives and processes sensory information, while the secondary sensory area processes more complex sensory information.
- The auditory area (41, 42) is responsible for processing sound, while the visual area (17, 18, 19) processes visual information.
Important Points
- Afferent fibers from specific nuclei of the thalamus project to laminae I-IV, while afferent fibers from non-specific nuclei of the thalamus and the ascending reticular formation project to all laminae.
- Laminae II & IV are concerned with sensorial modalities, while laminae III-V are involved in somatomotor and visceromotor activities.
Types of Neocortex
- There are five types of neocortex: agranular (type I), frontal (type II), parietal (type III), polar (type IV), and granular (type V).
- Each type of neocortex has distinct characteristics, such as the presence or absence of granule cells, pyramidal cells, and layer II & III.
Frontal Lobe
- The frontal lobe is responsible for motor control, including voluntary movements, speech, and other higher-level cognitive functions.
- The precentral cortex (4) is the primary motor area, while the prefrontal cortex (44, 45) is involved in planning and decision-making.
Parietal Lobe
- The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, including touch, pressure, and proprioception.
- The primary sensory area (3, 1, 2) receives and processes sensory information, while the secondary sensory area processes more complex sensory information.
Temporal Lobe
- The temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information, including sound localization and speech recognition.
- The primary auditory area (41) receives and processes sound, while the auditory association area (42) processes more complex auditory information.
Applied Aspects
- Unilateral removal of the temporal lobe can result in Temporal Lobe Syndrome, characterized by difficulties with language processing, memory, and other higher-level cognitive functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the cerebral cortex, its functions, and surrounding brain structures. This quiz covers the location and responsibilities of various brain areas, including the primary motor area and the primary somaesthetic area.
