Ceramics and Pottery Materials
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Questions and Answers

Who founded the Wedgwood pottery business?

  • Thomas Windo Wedgwood
  • James Adam
  • Josiah Wedgwood (correct)
  • Robert Adam

    • What type of ware did Wedgwood perfect in 1775?

  • Black basalt ware
  • Jasperware (correct)
  • Queen's Ware
  • Cream ware

    • Which item is the most important piece of Wedgwood's production?

  • Queen's Ware
  • Portland Vase reproduction (correct)
  • Blue jasper vase
  • Cream-colored ware

    • Which element is NOT true about Wedgwood's jasperware?

    <p>Undercutting while the clay is hard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wedgwood established his works and built a village at which location?

    <p>Etruria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Queen's Ware named after?

    <p>Queen Charlotte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware was revived in 1878 by Wedgwood?

    <p>Porcelain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sculptor gave a distinctive character to Wedgwood's work?

    <p>John Flaxman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ware supplanted glaze ware due to Wedgwood's improvement?

    <p>Cream ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are pieces of white bas-relief jasper called?

    <p>Solid Jasper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Basalt Ware primarily made of?

    <p>Clay, ironstone, ocher, and oxide of manganese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware takes its name from the veining of natural stones?

    <p>Agate Ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware did Josiah Spode, Jr., invent a superior kind of?

    <p>Bone china</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose wares are known for being soft, light in weight, and having an excellent glaze?

    <p>Thomas Whieldon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is characterized by under-glaze blue-printed cream ware, stone china, and jasper ware?

    <p>Spode Ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware was made by applying layers of different colored clays twisted together?

    <p>Agate Ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made fine busts using Basalt Ware?

    <p>Josiah Wedgwood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware did Thomas Whieldon make that is known as tortoise-shell ware?

    <p>Whieldon Ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established a factory at Stoke-on-Trent in 1770?

    <p>Josiah Spode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is made using coarse reddish clay?

    <p>Toft Ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations was known for producing Sgraffito Ware in the 18th century?

    <p>Pennsylvania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Norton was associated with which type of ceramic work?

    <p>Utilitarian terra-cotta slip and salt glazed stoneware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the first true porcelain made in the U.S.?

    <p>Jersey City, New Jersey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Chinese pottery type is known for its eggshell thinness and black lacquer appearance?

    <p>Lungshan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period was pottery made by coiling and then beaten with a paddle in China?

    <p>Neolithic Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which Chinese province is Yangshao village located?

    <p>Hunan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural characteristic did NOT influence Chinese art?

    <p>Imitations of bronze vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range was used to fire Yangshao pottery?

    <p>1000-1500°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pottery is undecorated and almost metallic in form?

    <p>Lungshan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which period did Shang ceramic molds for bronze casting appear?

    <p>Shang Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geographical range of the Staffordshire pottery district?

    <p>10 miles long and 3 to 5 miles wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware was not produced independently by the Staffordshire potters?

    <p>Porcelain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced under-glaze blue transfer printing in Staffordshire?

    <p>John Turner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ceramic ware is characterized by its jade-like glaze and refined shapes?

    <p>Celadon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which style of ceramic ware was produced specifically for the Imperial court and is extremely rare?

    <p>Ru ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potter is associated with the production of the new willow pattern in 1784?

    <p>Josiah Spode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which items were not commonly produced by Staffordshire potters?

    <p>Tea sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is known for its underglaze black decoration?

    <p>Tzu Chou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the figures colored between 1740 and 1780?

    <p>Using pigments under the glaze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware achieved high prestige in the Song dynasty and is often related to tea-drinking?

    <p>Chi-Chou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change in Staffordshire pottery beginning in the 19th century?

    <p>Larger production of blue transfer-printed wares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware is also known as longquan qingci?

    <p>Celadon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following is not listed as a well-known Staffordshire potter?

    <p>Charles Dickens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is considered one of the Five Great Kilns of the Sung dynasty and has a wide-meshed crackle?

    <p>Guan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ceramic type is known for using leaves or paper cut-outs to create resist patterns in the glaze?

    <p>Chi-Chou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of Staffordshire pottery that helped in its identification?

    <p>Exclusive border patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the creation of the new patterns in Staffordshire pottery around 1820?

    <p>Actual views of places</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did Celadon wares come into being?

    <p>Six Dynasties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic color of Northern Song celadons?

    <p>Grayish-green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is known for its 'duck-egg blue' glaze?

    <p>Ru ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period was coarse red earthenware with lead glazes introduced?

    <p>Period of Warring States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clay was used for the body of Chou vessels?

    <p>Hard grey clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware resembled bronzes in the Zhou period?

    <p>Coarse red earthenware with lead glazes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colors were most commonly used for painting ready-made Han pottery wares?

    <p>Brown and green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common feature of pottery during the latter part of the Chou dynasty?

    <p>Hatching and cross-hatching ornamentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shapes were commonly used in Eastern Han mortuary pottery?

    <p>Dragons and hills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was stoneware with a pale brown glaze produced during the Zhou period?

    <p>The south</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did blue porcelain reach its maturity?

    <p>In the Eastern Han</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key ingredient in the pigment gives blue porcelain its unique bluish green or yellow luster?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty is marked as the Golden Age of Chinese culture, according to the text?

    <p>Sung/Song dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Yüeh ware?

    <p>Celadon-glazed stoneware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main colors of the glazes introduced during the T'ang dynasty?

    <p>Green, yellow, blue, and golden brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique design feature did the blue glazed porcelain pot from the Eastern Han dynasty have?

    <p>A rooster’s head spout and tail handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the blue color produced in the three-colored glazes (sancai) of the T'ang dynasty?

    <p>By adding cobalt oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period was marked by the appearance of celadon-glazed stoneware known as Yüeh ware?

    <p>Six Dynasties period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguished the T'ang dynasty's pottery wares?

    <p>Full and vigorous shapes with colored glazes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of objects were blue porcelain art objects found among from the Wei-Jin period?

    <p>Burial objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color glaze had the widest color range during the T'ang dynasty?

    <p>Brown glaze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware is known for its well-marked crackle glaze?

    <p>Ke Yao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is decorated with motifs such as dragons, fish, lotuses, and peonies?

    <p>Ting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ware was mostly used for burial purposes and exports?

    <p>Ching Pai</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is a grayish-white stoneware with thick glaze ranging from blue to lavender?

    <p>Chun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware was prized by Japanese monks who studied in Chinese Zen monasteries?

    <p>Chien Yao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which dynasty did the technique for blue and white wares develop?

    <p>Yuan Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is known for its bluish-green glaze and was admired for its decorative motifs?

    <p>Ting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware was never made for imperial use but appreciated by collectors later?

    <p>Ching Pai</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ware is known for its dark brown, almost black glaze?

    <p>Chien Yao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one distinctive feature of Ke Yao or Ge ware that relates to its glaze?

    <p>Well-marked crackle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following styles is a polychrome enamel that includes a black ground?

    <p>famille noir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic color of the Sang de Boeuf glaze?

    <p>Copper red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glaze effect was revived from the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty?

    <p>Peach bloom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of copper oxide not being completely reduced in the Peach Bloom glaze?

    <p>Creates green spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the establishment of private kilns producing high-quality porcelain during the Qing Dynasty?

    <p>Collapse of official kilns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a soft, pale blue or lavender glaze specifically reserved for Imperial Porcelains?

    <p>Claire de lune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement had been perfected in the Qing Dynasty to create the Sang de Boeuf glaze?

    <p>Copper incorporation in firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the stagnation in Chinese porcelain production by the end of the 18th century?

    <p>Endless repetitions of old motifs and forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glaze effect was appreciated for its antique appearance and often used to imitate the patina of archaic bronze?

    <p>Tea dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Qing Dynasty reigns are most famous for their porcelain wares?

    <p>Yongzheng, Kangxi, and Qianlong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty saw the major export of blue and white ware to Europe?

    <p>Ming Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary material used in Ming Dynasty ceramic art?

    <p>White porcelain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pigment was originally imported from Iran and used in Ming Dynasty ceramics?

    <p>Cobalt oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new type of ware was developed during the Ming era?

    <p>Tou-ts'ai</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reign reached the zenith in overglaze enamel decorations during the Ming Dynasty?

    <p>Chenghua (1465-87)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'WAN LI' five-color ware incorporates which of these colors?

    <p>Blue, Green, Yellow, Eggplant Purple, and Iron Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Chenghua porcelain wares distinguished them?

    <p>Delicate and light-colored with Chinese ink wash painting flavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of porcelain was characterized by soft, creamy white glazes originating from Dehua?

    <p>Blanc de Chine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which reigns did blue and white porcelain see a major resurgence in the late Ming Dynasty?

    <p>Jiajing, Longqing, and Wanli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new enamel style introduced from Europe became popular in the late 17th century?

    <p>Famille rose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Materials of Decoration

    Basalt Ware

    • A solid black stoneware of great hardness, unglazed
    • Takes its name from a black Egyptian rock
    • One of the earliest products of the English potter's art
    • Wedgwood's basalt is regarded as superior to others

    Agate Ware

    • Earthenware made either solid or in surface decoration to resemble the veining of agate or other natural stones
    • If solid, produced by layers of different colored clays twisted together and then cut transversely with wire
    • The surface ware is splashed and grained on an ordinary cream body

    Whieldon Ware

    • A term derived from the tortoise-shell ware made by Thomas Whieldon
    • Applied to all classes of ware of a mottled, cloudy or splashed character
    • Whieldon's tortoise-shell ware was soft, light in weight, with an excellent glaze and extremely rich in effect

    Spode Ware

    • In 1770, Josiah Spode established a factory at Stoke-on-Trent
    • Produced under-glaze blue-printed cream ware of excellent quality, stone china, black and jasper ware
    • The stone china was of exceptional quality, semi-porcelain and frequently translucent
    • Transfer-printing in blue and other colors was one of the foundations of their prosperity

    Toft Ware

    • Slip-decorated pottery made by Thomas Toft in Staffordshire in the latter half of the 17th century
    • The material of this ware was usually coarse reddish clay and the decorating is done in a rather crude manner

    American Ceramics

    • American ceramics was centered on three main sites: Pennsylvania, Bennington, Vermont, and Jersey City, New Jersey
    • Sgraffito Ware was produced in Pennsylvania by the Germans during the middle of the 18th century
    • John Norton, in Bennington, Vermont, produced utilitarian terra-cotta slip with and salt glazed stoneware

    Chinese Ceramics

    • Chinese art today represents a living tradition with more than 3,000 years of history behind it
    • The Neolithic Period (5000-2200 B.C.):
      • Pottery was made by coiling and then beating the shapes with a paddle
      • Toward the end of the period, vessels were begun using the handbuilt technique, then finished on a wheel
      • Pottery recovered from excavations all over China included the beautifully painted YANGSHAO and the black LUNGSHAN
    • The Shang Period (1570-1045 B.C.):
      • The Neolithic prototypes became the basis for bronze vessels during this period
      • Shang ceramic molds for bronze casting, made of high-quality clay, have been found

    Wedgwood Ware

    • Named after its creator, Josiah Wedgwood
    • He was one of the first men to unite art and industry
    • Perfected cream ware in 1762, which improved upon the earlier product and was to be copied by other potters

    Jasperware

    • This fine, hard, unglazed white bisque made by Wedgwood and other potters was perfected about 1775
    • Made in various surface colors introduced about 1777, known as dip jasper

    Cream Ware

    • The term applies to all light-colored English earthenware from about 1750 to the present time
    • Perfected by Wedgwood by the use of Cornwall clay and adopted as the standard earthenware of Staffordshire

    Queen’s Ware

    • Original cream-colored earthenware named for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III

    Staffordshire

    • A generic term applying to the products of many potteries in Stoke-on-Trent, Hanley, Cobridge, Etruria, Burslem, Fenton, Tunstall, Longport, Shelton, Lane End, and some other lesser known places
    • Produced a variety of wares, including slip wares, agate, tortoise-shell, black basalt, and jasper ware

    Period of Warring States

    • The Chou Dynasty (1122-255 B.C.):
      • Produced utilitarian pottery like funerary urns, cooking vessels, and libation jars
      • The body of the Chou vessels was made of hard grey clay which had no glaze on its surface
    • The Han Dynasty (202 B.C.-220 A.D.):
      • In the middle of this period, there appeared glazed pottery fired at a low degree
      • Ceramics of this period include earthenware mortuary vessels and glazed wares

    T'ang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.)

    • Following the Han dynasty, marked by great power and prosperity
    • Most surviving pieces have been gathered from tombs, since many pottery pieces from the Tang dynasty were used as tomb figures and furnishings for prominent members of Tang society
    • The full and vigorous shapes, including some Western forms, attained a new splendor with the invention of colored glazes### Ancient Chinese Stoneware
    • Celadon ware originated during the Six Dynasties period (907-960 AD) and is characterized by simple yet refined shapes, jade-like glaze, and solid substance.
    • Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, is famous for producing high-quality celadon ware, also known as Longquan Qingci.
    • Qingci means "greenish porcelain" in Chinese.

    Northern Song Celadons (12th century)

    • Gray stoneware body covered in transparent olive or light brown glaze.
    • shapes were mostly vases or incense burners.

    Southern Song Celadons (Lung-ch'uan)

    • White porcelain with light bluish-green jadelike crackled glazes.
    • Shapes were varied, inspired by ancient bronzes, Middle Eastern metalwork, and glass.
    • Many were exported.

    B.Tzu Chou ware

    • Characterized by underglaze black decoration on white or glazed porcelain.
    • High-quality ware with bold slip painting, sgraffito, carving, incising, impressing, and molding, as well as polychrome overglaze enameling.

    C.Ru or Ju ware

    • Famous and extremely rare type of pottery produced for the Imperial court around 1100 AD.
    • Fewer than 100 pieces survive.
    • Distinctive pale "duck-egg blue" glaze and otherwise undecorated.
    • Considered one of the Five Great Kilns of the Sung dynasty.

    D.Chi-Chou or Jizhou ware

    • Originated from Jiangxi Province.
    • Simple shapes in stoneware with a strong emphasis on subtle effects in the dark glaze.
    • Often combined with other decorative effects, such as leaves or paper-cut-outs to create resist patterns in the glaze.

    E.Kuan ("official") or Guan

    • Rare type of ware with a stoneware body washed with brown slip and glaze varying from pale green to lavender blue with a wide-meshed crackle.
    • Considered one of the Five Great Kilns of the Sung dynasty.

    Materials of Decoration

    February - June 2020

    • Ke Yao or Ge: related to KUAN ware with a dark stoneware body and grayish-white glaze.
    • Ting or Ding: white and coarse, with a transparent green glaze, often decorated with motifs like dragons, fish, lotuses, and peonies.
    • Qingbal or Ch'ing Pai ware: white with a bluish-green tint, with a body that is not translucent.
    • Chun or Jun: grayish-white stoneware covered with a thick glaze ranging from blue to lavender and suffused with crimson purple.
    • Chien Yao (Jian): dark ware with a very dark brown, almost black glaze, often decorated with leaves or paper-cutouts.

    Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD)

    • Many Sung wares continued, with the development of underglaze, a new porcelain-making art.
    • White ware called SHU FU appeared, with the development of blue and white wares.

    Ming Dynasty (1368-1643 AD)

    • Blue and white ware became a major export item.
    • Ceramic art flourished, with fine white porcelain as the staple product.
    • Painting on pottery and porcelain became richly colorful.
    • Brush painting directly on the baked clay reached its zenith in China.

    Materials of Decoration - February-June 2020

    Ming Dynasty (1368-1643 AD) (continued)

    • Delicate Tou-ts'ai ware: a glassy porcelain with overglaze enamel painting.
    • Overglaze technique, which evolved over two centuries, demanded correct preparation of the enamels, skill in application, and proper firing temperature.

    Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 AD)

    • A vast number of fine porcelain vessels were produced for both domestic and foreign markets.
    • Popular polychrome enamel styles were famille verte (green, yellow, and aubergine purple) and its derivatives: famille noir (black ground) and famille jaune (yellow ground).

    Sang de Boeuf (Oxblood Glaze)

    • A glossy, rich, blood-red glaze, often slashed with streaks of purple or turquoise, used to decorate pottery, particularly porcelain.

    Peach Bloom

    • A glaze of pinkish-red mottled with russet spots and tinged with green.

    Tea-dust

    • A dark green or brownish and often speckled glaze, likely discovered by accident.

    Claire de lune

    • A high-fired soft, pale, or lavender-blue glaze, reserved exclusively for Imperial Porcelains.

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