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Questions and Answers
Which type of glaze causes a textured surface when salt is thrown onto hot pottery?
Which type of glaze causes a textured surface when salt is thrown onto hot pottery?
Which coloring oxide is widely used for blue-and-white porcelain wares in East Asia and Europe?
Which coloring oxide is widely used for blue-and-white porcelain wares in East Asia and Europe?
Which glaze uses feldspar as a base and is only used for stoneware and porcelain?
Which glaze uses feldspar as a base and is only used for stoneware and porcelain?
What type of glaze includes tin oxide, giving it a white, shiny, and opaque appearance?
What type of glaze includes tin oxide, giving it a white, shiny, and opaque appearance?
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Which type of glaze was primarily used historically but is now limited to studio potters due to its unpredictable nature?
Which type of glaze was primarily used historically but is now limited to studio potters due to its unpredictable nature?
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Which of these glazes is known for being susceptible to crazing due to its composition?
Which of these glazes is known for being susceptible to crazing due to its composition?
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What are ceramics typically made from?
What are ceramics typically made from?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of ceramics?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of ceramics?
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What process is used to harden ceramics?
What process is used to harden ceramics?
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When were fired earth vessels first invented?
When were fired earth vessels first invented?
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Which stage involves clay being visibly damp but dried enough to handle?
Which stage involves clay being visibly damp but dried enough to handle?
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What term is used to identify Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before its first firing?
What term is used to identify Greenware pottery that has dried as much as possible before its first firing?
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What is the most plastic state of clay?
What is the most plastic state of clay?
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The production of ceramics is considered one of the most ancient arts. Which culture is NOT mentioned as having been involved in its early development?
The production of ceramics is considered one of the most ancient arts. Which culture is NOT mentioned as having been involved in its early development?
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What is a characteristic of the Biscuit state of ceramics?
What is a characteristic of the Biscuit state of ceramics?
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What is pottery primarily designed for?
What is pottery primarily designed for?
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What is bisque porcelain?
What is bisque porcelain?
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What makes biscuit porcelain more expensive than glazed porcelain?
What makes biscuit porcelain more expensive than glazed porcelain?
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What is the primary purpose of the second firing of glazed ware?
What is the primary purpose of the second firing of glazed ware?
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Which component in the glaze is mainly responsible for its glass-like appearance?
Which component in the glaze is mainly responsible for its glass-like appearance?
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What is 'Glost Firing' more formally known as?
What is 'Glost Firing' more formally known as?
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Which type of ware is commonly porous even without glazing?
Which type of ware is commonly porous even without glazing?
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What is used as a flux in one type of Chinese glaze?
What is used as a flux in one type of Chinese glaze?
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Which type of glaze was introduced in China to cover earthenware and make it watertight?
Which type of glaze was introduced in China to cover earthenware and make it watertight?
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Parian Ware is a type of which material?
Parian Ware is a type of which material?
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What is the major component of glaze?
What is the major component of glaze?
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Which firing temperature range is used for earthenware?
Which firing temperature range is used for earthenware?
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What property of stoneware makes it suitable for pickle and preserve jars?
What property of stoneware makes it suitable for pickle and preserve jars?
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What is the characteristic color of porcelain?
What is the characteristic color of porcelain?
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Which material is known for yielding a type of green seen on Chinese celadon wares?
Which material is known for yielding a type of green seen on Chinese celadon wares?
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Which ceramic material is the hardest and also used for electrical insulators?
Which ceramic material is the hardest and also used for electrical insulators?
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Which oxide produces a pale yellow to black color in decoration?
Which oxide produces a pale yellow to black color in decoration?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about stoneware?
Which characteristic is NOT true about stoneware?
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Which component gives porcelain its high-quality, bell-like ring when struck?
Which component gives porcelain its high-quality, bell-like ring when struck?
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Which of the following is an example of a wine jug?
Which of the following is an example of a wine jug?
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What is the maximum temperature at which soft porcelain is fired?
What is the maximum temperature at which soft porcelain is fired?
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What added component gives Bone China its whiteness and translucency?
What added component gives Bone China its whiteness and translucency?
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What type of decoration did Sicilian and Apulian potteries from the 12th century onwards feature?
What type of decoration did Sicilian and Apulian potteries from the 12th century onwards feature?
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What is Majolica based on?
What is Majolica based on?
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Which component is NOT typically found in slip?
Which component is NOT typically found in slip?
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Which city led the way in the fifteenth century in the production of majolica?
Which city led the way in the fifteenth century in the production of majolica?
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Which pottery technique involves designs transferred from specially prepared paper?
Which pottery technique involves designs transferred from specially prepared paper?
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Where was a new, rich decorative style known as istoriato developed?
Where was a new, rich decorative style known as istoriato developed?
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'Sealed earth' refers to which type of Roman pottery?
'Sealed earth' refers to which type of Roman pottery?
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In what century did Italian potters abandon the old familiar processes?
In what century did Italian potters abandon the old familiar processes?
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What term is often mistakenly synonymous with slip?
What term is often mistakenly synonymous with slip?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of jar mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of jar mentioned?
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Which decorative pottery technique was extensively used by German and English potters during the 17th and 18th centuries?
Which decorative pottery technique was extensively used by German and English potters during the 17th and 18th centuries?
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Which pottery type requires at least two or more firings at different temperatures?
Which pottery type requires at least two or more firings at different temperatures?
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What was the pottery class known as before the advent of Maiolica?
What was the pottery class known as before the advent of Maiolica?
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What range of colors is characteristic of Terra Sigillata?
What range of colors is characteristic of Terra Sigillata?
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What is the characteristic of slipware?
What is the characteristic of slipware?
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What is Lithographed printing based on?
What is Lithographed printing based on?
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What technique involves scratching through a slip to reveal the body of the pottery?
What technique involves scratching through a slip to reveal the body of the pottery?
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Which painting technique applies colored decoration over a fired transparent glaze and requires a third firing?
Which painting technique applies colored decoration over a fired transparent glaze and requires a third firing?
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What is the primary purpose of Egyptian ceramics?
What is the primary purpose of Egyptian ceramics?
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What color are the figures in Black Figure Ware ceramics?
What color are the figures in Black Figure Ware ceramics?
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Which Greek ceramic type features figures painted red on a black background?
Which Greek ceramic type features figures painted red on a black background?
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What type of Greek ceramic is a Skyphos?
What type of Greek ceramic is a Skyphos?
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Which technique is applied on a dried but unfired opaque glaze and fuses with it during glost firing?
Which technique is applied on a dried but unfired opaque glaze and fuses with it during glost firing?
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What were primitive ceramics primarily used for?
What were primitive ceramics primarily used for?
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Which term refers to the use of slips to create contrasting patterns by scratching?
Which term refers to the use of slips to create contrasting patterns by scratching?
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Which notable name claimed the introduction of pottery-making in Pesaro?
Which notable name claimed the introduction of pottery-making in Pesaro?
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What is LUCCA DELLA ROBBIA best known for?
What is LUCCA DELLA ROBBIA best known for?
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Which material did MASTER GIORGIO ANDROLI successfully introduce into art?
Which material did MASTER GIORGIO ANDROLI successfully introduce into art?
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In which city did LUCCA DELLA ROBBIA produce his famous ware?
In which city did LUCCA DELLA ROBBIA produce his famous ware?
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Who established a porcelain factory in Venice in 1720?
Who established a porcelain factory in Venice in 1720?
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Which porcelain factory was known for excelling in painting porcelain?
Which porcelain factory was known for excelling in painting porcelain?
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What distinctive feature did Doccia ware often have in its decoration?
What distinctive feature did Doccia ware often have in its decoration?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical subject in Doccia porcelain decoration?
Which of the following is NOT a typical subject in Doccia porcelain decoration?
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Which marking could be found on Doccia ware?
Which marking could be found on Doccia ware?
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Where are the finest examples of Doccia ware located?
Where are the finest examples of Doccia ware located?
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Which color scheme was primarily used in traditional Delftware decorations?
Which color scheme was primarily used in traditional Delftware decorations?
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What did early Delftware decorations commonly depict before incorporating Dutch scenes?
What did early Delftware decorations commonly depict before incorporating Dutch scenes?
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Which type of ceramic ware was Delft factories known to produce aside from tableware?
Which type of ceramic ware was Delft factories known to produce aside from tableware?
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What is the name of the only remaining original producer of Dutch delftware?
What is the name of the only remaining original producer of Dutch delftware?
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Which type of delftware is known for its simplified motifs and less careful execution?
Which type of delftware is known for its simplified motifs and less careful execution?
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When did Dutch Porcelain production start in Weesp?
When did Dutch Porcelain production start in Weesp?
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Which foreign models did Amstel porcelain follow after initially resembling Dresden pottery?
Which foreign models did Amstel porcelain follow after initially resembling Dresden pottery?
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What year did Amstel factory cease its operations?
What year did Amstel factory cease its operations?
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Who started the Hague porcelain manufactory in 1776?
Who started the Hague porcelain manufactory in 1776?
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Which decorative color is particularly associated with Hague Porcelain table services?
Which decorative color is particularly associated with Hague Porcelain table services?
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What characterizes the soft-paste porcelain body developed at Capo di Monte?
What characterizes the soft-paste porcelain body developed at Capo di Monte?
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During whose reign did the Capo di Monte porcelain manufactory totally expire?
During whose reign did the Capo di Monte porcelain manufactory totally expire?
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What is the mark of Capo di Monte porcelain?
What is the mark of Capo di Monte porcelain?
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Which 18th-century character was commonly depicted in both porcelain modeling and painting?
Which 18th-century character was commonly depicted in both porcelain modeling and painting?
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What impact did Chinese blue and white porcelain have on Dutch ceramics?
What impact did Chinese blue and white porcelain have on Dutch ceramics?
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Which city was the center of Delftware production in Holland?
Which city was the center of Delftware production in Holland?
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What technique did Dutch potters use to emulate Chinese ceramics when they could not make porcelain?
What technique did Dutch potters use to emulate Chinese ceramics when they could not make porcelain?
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What is a distinctive feature of Delftware that can help distinguish it from its Chinese counterparts?
What is a distinctive feature of Delftware that can help distinguish it from its Chinese counterparts?
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How many factories produced Delftware in Delft from the 17th to 19th Century?
How many factories produced Delftware in Delft from the 17th to 19th Century?
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What type of glaze was applied after metal oxide decoration on Delftware to make the surface glossy?
What type of glaze was applied after metal oxide decoration on Delftware to make the surface glossy?
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Study Notes
Ceramics and Pottery
- Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic solids made from metal or non-metal compounds, shaped and hardened by high-temperature heating.
- They are hard, corrosion-resistant, and brittle.
- The earliest ceramics were made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials, and were hardened by fire.
Pottery
- Pottery is the process of forming vessels and other artifacts from ceramic materials, fired at high temperatures to create a hard, durable form.
- The production of ceramics is one of the oldest arts, with some pottery designed for utility and others for decoration.
- Fired earth vessels were first invented around 12,000 years ago in Japan, and later in Asia and Mesoamerica.
Three Main Production Stages
The Clay State or Greenware
- This is the stage where the ware is formed but not yet fired.
- Greenware items are fragile and brittle, but can be handled with care.
- They are often sanded with fine-grade sandpaper to ensure a smooth finish.
The Biscuit State
- This is a term meaning "half-baked".
- It is any pottery that has undergone a preliminary low-range firing.
- Biscuit earthenware is plain and porous, and is often used as a base for glazing.
Materials of Decoration
Glazes
- Glaze is a mixture of chemicals, including silica, clay, and water, that is applied to the pottery to make it impermeable to water.
- Glazes can be clear, colored, or opaque, and are used to decorate pottery.
- There are many types of glazes, including Salt, Ash, Alkaline, Lead, Tin, and Feldspathic glazes.
Coloring Oxides
- Tin Oxide: produces a white color
- Cobalt Oxide: produces a grayish blue to pure sapphire color
- Cupric Oxide: produces a series of blues
- Cuprous Oxide: produces a series of greens
- Ferric Iron Oxide: produces a pale yellow to black color
- Ferrous Iron Oxide: produces a type of green
- Manganese Oxide: produces a varying range of colors from bright red to dark purplish brown
- Antimony Oxide: produces a yellow color
Main Classifications of Ceramics
Earthenware
- A soft, porous, and permeable pottery that is fired at a low temperature.
- It is often used for decorative purposes.
Stoneware
- A hard, non-porous, and impermeable pottery that is fired at a high temperature.
- It is often used for functional purposes.
Porcelain
- A hard, translucent, and white pottery that is fired at a very high temperature.
- It is often used for decorative and functional purposes.
Ornamentation in Ceramics or Pottery
Slip
- A thick, semi-solid fluid composed of clay, water, and other minerals.
- It is used to create patterns and designs on pottery.
Terra Sigillata
- A type of Roman pottery that was mass-produced around the 1st century AD.
- It is characterized by a glossy surface slip in a range of colors.
Other Forms of Decoration
- Incised
- Relief/Embossing
- Decalcomania
- Lithographed
- Pierced
- Sgrafitto
- Silk-Screened
- Stamped
- Stenciled
- Painted
- Overglaze
- In-glaze
- Underglaze### Master Giorgio Androli
- Known as a rival of the Della Robbia family
- Introduced transparent glazes into art
- Often signed his pieces himself
Porcelain
- European potters attempted to imitate porcelain from the Far East
- First produced in Italy in 1720 at a factory in Doccia, near Florence
- Francesco Vezzi established a porcelain factory in Venice in 1720
- Doccia ware was produced in the 18th century and was of high quality
Doccia Ware
- Produced in the 18th century
- Known for its painting skills
- Typical subjects included cupids, nymphs, and putti
- Decoration was usually polychrome, but single-color decoration in red, yellow, or blue was also popular
- Marks included a crowned 'F', the letters 'FD' in monogram, or the words 'DOCIA' or 'DOCIA REALE'
- Naples ware was much sought after and copied in Doccia
- Doccia ware was decorated in the Oriental taste, with figures in the Chinese style, landscapes, flowers, and diaper patterns
Capo di Monte
- Founded by Charles III in Naples
- Developed a formula for a distinctive soft-paste porcelain body
- Characterized by a pronounced creamy color and an unusually glossy clear glaze
- Marked with an N surmounted by a crown, in blue
- The Ginori family took over the factory after it expired
Dutch Ceramics
Pottery
- Techniques and artisans migrated from Italy to the Netherlands and Belgium in the 16th century
- Influenced by Islamic techniques and motifs
- Developed into a unique Dutch style after coming into contact with far eastern ceramics
Delftware
- Produced in the city of Delft
- Characterized by blue and white decorations
- Early decorations were done in the Chinese manner, but later incorporated native Dutch scenes
- Factories began producing polychrome ceramics, copying Chinese Kang-hsi and Japanese Imari wares
- A wide range of Delft marks have accumulated over the centuries
- Typically featured blue patterns and landscapes on a white background
- Also produced apothecary jars, drug pots, small flat tiles for fireplaces and other architectural uses
- The only remaining original producer of Dutch delftware is "De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles" founded in 1653
Peasant Delft
- A type of delftware with simplified motifs
- Decoration was less careful and gave the impression of being done in haste
- Pieces were used to decorate farm stables in the summer season
Porcelain
Amstel
- Started in Weesp, near Amsterdam, in 1759
- First porcelain factory in Holland
- Transferred to Oude Loosdrecht, then finally to Oude Amstel in 1784
- Original workmen came from Dresden and followed its tradition and practices
- Produced hard-paste Porcelain in 1764
- Had a fine white body and was of the best quality
- Initially followed Dresden pottery styles, then later followed French models
Hague
- Started by the Lijncker family in 1776 in Hague, Holland
- Developed out of a shop that opened in 1772 to sell ceramics and textiles
- Began working on decorating and refiring blank porcelain pieces
- Pieces were decorated by Porcelain painters recruited abroad
- Displayed an individuality that pointed to the manufactory, especially table services with rich gilding
- Operated for about ten years only
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Description
Learn about the properties and history of ceramics, from their composition to their earliest forms as pottery objects and figurines made from clay.
