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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between cephalosporins and penicillins?
What is the main difference between cephalosporins and penicillins?
- Cephalosporins are more resistant to beta lactamase inactivation (correct)
- Cephalosporins have a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring
- Cephalosporins are more prone to hydrolytic degradation
- Cephalosporins have a narrower spectrum of activity
Which generation of cephalosporins is active against E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus?
Which generation of cephalosporins is active against E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus?
- 1st Generation
- 2nd Generation (correct)
- 3rd Generation
- All of the above
What is the primary use of 1st Generation cephalosporins?
What is the primary use of 1st Generation cephalosporins?
- Treat URTI, LRTI, sinusitis, and otitis media
- Treat gram-negative infections
- Treat skin and soft-tissue infections, as well as streptococcal pharyngitis (correct)
- Treat anaerobic infections
What is the main advantage of 3rd Generation cephalosporins?
What is the main advantage of 3rd Generation cephalosporins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cephalosporins?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cephalosporins?
What is the primary limitation of cephalosporins?
What is the primary limitation of cephalosporins?
What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?
What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?
Which of the following is NOT a use of Streptomycin?
Which of the following is NOT a use of Streptomycin?
What is a unique property of Meropenem?
What is a unique property of Meropenem?
Which Aminoglycoside is most active among the Nebramycins?
Which Aminoglycoside is most active among the Nebramycins?
What is a characteristic of Macrolides?
What is a characteristic of Macrolides?
What is the mechanism of action of Ertapenem?
What is the mechanism of action of Ertapenem?
What happens when Azithromycin is administered with food?
What happens when Azithromycin is administered with food?
Which antibiotic is a derivative of dichloroacetic acid?
Which antibiotic is a derivative of dichloroacetic acid?
Which antibiotic is a reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4 enzyme?
Which antibiotic is a reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4 enzyme?
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin?
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin?
Which antibiotic is effective against macrolide-resistant G(+)?
Which antibiotic is effective against macrolide-resistant G(+)?
What is the spectrum of activity of Clindamycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of Clindamycin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Cephalosporins against bacteria?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Cephalosporins against bacteria?
What is the main adverse effect of Cephalosporins due to inhibition of Vitamin K?
What is the main adverse effect of Cephalosporins due to inhibition of Vitamin K?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT typically treated with Aztreonam?
Which of the following bacteria is NOT typically treated with Aztreonam?
What is the main characteristic of Carbapenems?
What is the main characteristic of Carbapenems?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Olivanic acids?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Olivanic acids?
What is the main characteristic of Imipenem?
What is the main characteristic of Imipenem?
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
Which of the following quinolones is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which of the following quinolones is NOT mentioned in the text?
What is the adverse effect of quinolones that is associated with Hepatotoxicity?
What is the adverse effect of quinolones that is associated with Hepatotoxicity?
What type of organisms are Polypeptides effective against?
What type of organisms are Polypeptides effective against?
What is the source of Polypeptides?
What is the source of Polypeptides?
What is the therapeutic use of quinolones mentioned in the text?
What is the therapeutic use of quinolones mentioned in the text?
What is the unique property of 4th generation cephalosporins?
What is the unique property of 4th generation cephalosporins?
What is the primary adverse effect of cephalosporins due to inhibition of Vitamin K?
What is the primary adverse effect of cephalosporins due to inhibition of Vitamin K?
What is the mechanism of action of Aztreonam?
What is the mechanism of action of Aztreonam?
What is the characteristic of Carbapenems?
What is the characteristic of Carbapenems?
What is the source of Olivanic acids?
What is the source of Olivanic acids?
What is the characteristic of Thienamycins?
What is the characteristic of Thienamycins?
What is the primary use of Aztreonam?
What is the primary use of Aztreonam?
What is the primary characteristic of Monobactams?
What is the primary characteristic of Monobactams?
Which type of organisms is Lledo effective against?
Which type of organisms is Lledo effective against?
What is the mechanism of action of Quinolones?
What is the mechanism of action of Quinolones?
What is a common adverse effect of Quinolones?
What is a common adverse effect of Quinolones?
Which of the following Quinolones is NOT mentioned in the text?
Which of the following Quinolones is NOT mentioned in the text?
What is a therapeutic use of Quinolones mentioned in the text?
What is a therapeutic use of Quinolones mentioned in the text?
What is the source of Polypeptides?
What is the source of Polypeptides?
What is a characteristic of Polypeptides?
What is a characteristic of Polypeptides?
What is an adverse effect of Quinolones associated with Tendon Rupture?
What is an adverse effect of Quinolones associated with Tendon Rupture?
What is the primary site of action of Bacitracin?
What is the primary site of action of Bacitracin?
Which type of leprosy is associated with a malignant course?
Which type of leprosy is associated with a malignant course?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
What is the characteristic shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the characteristic shape of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the primary treatment for leprosy?
What is the primary treatment for leprosy?
What is the unique feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the unique feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
What is the primary source of Bacitracin?
What is the primary source of Bacitracin?
What is the term for the treatment of tuberculosis?
What is the term for the treatment of tuberculosis?
Which antibiotic binds exclusively to the 50S subunit of bacterial cell?
Which antibiotic binds exclusively to the 50S subunit of bacterial cell?
What is the main advantage of Clindamycin over Lincomycin?
What is the main advantage of Clindamycin over Lincomycin?
Which of the following antibiotics is a CYP3A4 inhibitor?
Which of the following antibiotics is a CYP3A4 inhibitor?
Which antibiotic is produced from Streptomyces venezuelae?
Which antibiotic is produced from Streptomyces venezuelae?
What is the primary use of Clindamycin?
What is the primary use of Clindamycin?
Which antibiotic is not administered with food?
Which antibiotic is not administered with food?
What is the spectrum of activity of Clindamycin?
What is the spectrum of activity of Clindamycin?
What is a unique chemical feature of Chloramphenicol?
What is a unique chemical feature of Chloramphenicol?
What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?
What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?
What is the primary route of administration for Vancomycin?
What is the primary route of administration for Vancomycin?
Which of the following antibiotics is derived from Streptomyces orientalis?
Which of the following antibiotics is derived from Streptomyces orientalis?
What is the spectrum of activity of Polymyxin B and Colistin?
What is the spectrum of activity of Polymyxin B and Colistin?
What is the mechanism of action of Mupirocin?
What is the mechanism of action of Mupirocin?
What is the primary use of Mupirocin?
What is the primary use of Mupirocin?
What is the adverse effect associated with Vancomycin's 'Red Man or Red Neck Syndrome'?
What is the adverse effect associated with Vancomycin's 'Red Man or Red Neck Syndrome'?
Which of the following antibiotics is derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens?
Which of the following antibiotics is derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens?
Study Notes
Cephalosporins
- Structure: consist of a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring fused to a beta lactam ring
- Broad spectrum and resistant to beta lactamase inactivation
- Classified into generations, each with its own spectrum of activity:
- 1st Generation: excellent gram-positive and modest gram-negative activity, alternatives for skin and soft-tissue infections, and for streptococcal pharyngitis
- 2nd Generation: better activity against gram-negative organisms with some gram-positive action, treats URTI, LRTI, sinusitis, and otitis media
- 3rd Generation: activity against gram-positive organisms and much more activity against Enterobacteriaceae
- 4th Generation: encompasses the antimicrobial spectrum of all the third-generation agents and has increased stability to hydrolysis by inducible chromosomal -lactamases
Carbapenems
- Comprise a family of fused beta lactam rings
- Has broadest antimicrobial spectrum of any antibiotic
- Analogues of penicillins or clavams, the sulfur or oxygen being replaced with carbon
- Examples: Olivanic acids, Thienamycin, Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem
Aminoglycosides
- Natural products or semi-synthetic derivatives of compounds produced by a variety of soil actinomycetes
- Mechanism of Action: binds to 30s ribosomal subunit and interferes with initiation of protein synthesis
- Examples: Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Spectinomycin, Netilmicin, Amikacin
Macrolides
- Contain a many-membered lactone ring (14-membered ring: Erythromycin and Clarithromycin, 15-membered ring: Azithromycin)
- Basic in nature due to the presence of a glycosidically linked amino sugar
- Spectrum of Activity: resembles that of Penicillin, used as an alternative to PCN
- Examples: Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol
- Produced from Streptomyces venezuelae
- May cause blood dyscrasias
- Contains a nitrobenzene moiety and is a derivative of dichloroacetic acid
- Clindamycin: a congener of Lincomycin, improved absorption and distribution than Lincomycin
Monobactams
- Binds with PBP3 in gram-negative bacteria only
- Treats UTI, LRTI, intra-abdominal infection, gynecological infection, and septicemia
- Examples: Aztreonam
Quinolones
- Mechanism of Action: inhibition of Topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase enzymes
- Spectrum of Activity: specific agents with activity against Streptococci, active against Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Brucella, and Mycobacterium
- Examples: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
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Description
This quiz covers the structure and classification of cephalosporins, a type of broad-spectrum antibiotic. Learn about their characteristics, generations, and uses in treating various infections.
