CEP Exam Prep Chapter 5 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the number 1 cause of death for men and women in the United States?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

More than ___________ (85.6 million) American adults have at least one type of CVD.

1/3

The heart is composed of a specialized type of muscle called _____________________ that is housed within.

myocardium

What is the myocardium?

<p>The thick (middle) layer of the heart, which provides the contractile function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner wall of the heart called?

<p>Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do one-way valves prevent?

<p>Blood flow from one pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve) and aorta (aortic valve) to the right and left ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interlaced discs?

<p>Specialized portions of the cell membranes that connect individual cardiac muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the intercalated disc allow?

<p>It allows an action potential to pass from one cell to the next adjoining cell, enabling the myocardium to contract as a functional unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the heart's conduction system?

<p>Its intrinsic ability to generate a stimulatory impulse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood vessels in the heart can be divided into which basic types?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the circulatory system primarily function as?

<p>A transportation network, carrying desired substances to the tissues and allowing them to dispose of unwanted substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonic circulation serves the important functions of removing __________ from the blood.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the right coronary artery (RCA) supply?

<p>The right atrium and right ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the left coronary artery (LCA) provide blood supply to?

<p>The SA node, left atrium, and the lateral wall of the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart will beat approximately how many times during the average human's life?

<p>3 to 4 billion times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

With each beat of the heart, blood is ejected to the ________ and to the rest of the body.

<p>lungs (pulmonic circulation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiac output (CO or Q) defined as?

<p>The total amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricle into the circulation in 1 minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main determinants of cardiac output?

<p>Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two primary characteristics that affect cardiac output?

<p>Body size and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of the heart is intrinsically generated by the ____ node.

<p>SA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common measures in clinical exercise physiology?

<p>Oxygen uptake (VO2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple indicator of myocardial oxygen demand?

<p>The rate pressure product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atherosclerosis?

<p>The pathological process whereby lesions or plaques form within arteries, creating a narrowed lumen and thus impairing blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays an important role in determining the progression of atherosclerosis?

<p>Lifestyle choices, especially smoking, level of physical activity, and dietary habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does plaque rupturing cause?

<p>Myocardial infarctions (MIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plaques that take up _____________________% of the lumen are most likely to rupture than larger plaques.

<p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myocardial ischemia?

<p>When a coronary artery becomes occluded to the point at which it cannot meet oxygen demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disease

  • Leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States is cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Over 85.6 million American adults, constituting about one-third, have at least one type of CVD.

Heart Structure

  • The heart is made up of myocardium, a specialized muscle type, protected by the pericardium.
  • The myocardium is the thick middle layer responsible for the heart's contractile function.
  • The inner wall of the heart is called the endocardium, which has a layer of endothelium and connective tissue.

Heart Valves and Blood Flow

  • One-way valves, including the pulmonic and aortic valves, prevent backflow of blood into the right and left ventricles.
  • Intercalated discs connect cardiac muscle cells and allow action potentials to pass, enabling synchronized contractions of the atria and ventricles.

Heart Conduction System

  • The heart's conduction system is characterized by its intrinsic ability to generate stimulatory impulses, primarily initiated by the SA node.

Blood Vessel Types

  • Blood vessels are classified as:
    • Arteries: Carry blood to tissues under high pressure.
    • Capillaries: Facilitate gas exchange and nutrient diffusion due to their thin walls.
    • Veins: Return blood to the heart under low pressure.

Circulatory System Functions

  • Functions as a transportation network delivering oxygen, glucose, and hormones while enabling waste removal (e.g., carbon dioxide).

Pulmonic Circulation

  • Pulmonic circulation's key roles include removing carbon dioxide and reoxygenating blood.

Coronary Arteries

  • The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricles.
  • The left coronary artery (LCA) branches into the left circumflex artery (Cx) and left anterior descending artery (LAD), supplying the SA node, left atrium, and lateral left ventricle.

Heart Functionality

  • The heart beats approximately 3 to 4 billion times in an average human lifespan.
  • Each heartbeat ejects blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation for substance transport.

Cardiac Output

  • Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle per minute, determined by heart rate (HR) and stroke volume.
  • Factors influencing CO include body size and age.

Intrinsic Heart Stimulation

  • Heart stimulation is intrinsically generated by the SA node.

Oxygen Uptake Measurement

  • A common measure in clinical exercise physiology is oxygen uptake (VO2), reflecting energy expenditure during physical work.

Myocardial Oxygen Demand

  • The rate pressure product, or double product, indicates myocardial oxygen demand derived from HR multiplied by systolic blood pressure.

Atherosclerosis and Its Impact

  • Atherosclerosis involves plaque formation in arteries, narrowing the lumen and impairing blood flow.
  • Lifestyle choices, including smoking, physical activity level, and diet, significantly influence the progression of atherosclerosis.

Plaque Rupture

  • Plaque rupture is responsible for most myocardial infarctions (MIs).
  • Plaques occupying 40-50% of the artery lumen are most likely to rupture compared to larger plaques.

Myocardial Ischemia

  • Myocardial ischemia occurs when a coronary artery is occluded to a degree that it cannot meet the oxygen demands of the myocardium.

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Prepare for your CEP exam with these flashcards from Chapter 5. This chapter focuses on crucial information regarding cardiovascular diseases, including causes, statistics, and heart anatomy. Use these cards to reinforce your understanding and boost your exam readiness.

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