Central Star - The Sun Quiz

Study Notes

Central Star - The Sun

Brightest star in the Solar System, existing for approximately 4.6 billion years; predicted to continue for at least another 5 billion years.
Emits various radiation types: ultraviolet, radio waves, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves, and infrared rays.

Inner Planets

Mercury
- Named after the Greek messenger god Hermes.
- Orbital period: 88 Earth days; rotation period: 58 Earth days.
- Extreme surface temperatures range from 427°C at noon to -173°C at night.
- Known as the morning and evening star, closest to the Sun without an atmosphere or moons.
Venus
- Named after the Greek goddess of beauty Aphrodite.
- Orbital period: 255 Earth days; rotation period: 243 Earth days (retrograde rotation).
- Surface temperature averages 482°C; covered by thick carbon dioxide clouds.
- Active volcanic activity is suggested by surface features revealed during rare clear conditions.
Earth
- Named after the primordial goddess of life Gaia.
- Orbital period: 365 days; rotation period: 24 hours.
- Average surface temperature is around 15°C; known as the "Blue Planet" due to water coverage.
- Unique in hosting life, facilitated by its multilayered atmosphere rich in oxygen.
- Situated in the Goldilocks Zone, where liquid water is possible; located between Venus and Mars.
Mars
- Named after the Greek god of war Ares.
- Orbital period: 687 days; rotation period: 24.6 hours.
- Known as the "Red Planet" due to surface iron oxide.
- Hosts Olympus Mons, the largest volcano, and Valles Marineris, the largest canyon.
- Two moons:
  - Phobos: Closer to Mars, predicted to eventually crash into the planet.
  - Deimos: Farther, predicted to escape Mars' gravity over time.

Inner Debris Belt - The Asteroid Belt

Serves as the boundary between the inner and outer planets.
Contains a collection of planetary debris in orbit around the Sun.
Theories of formation:
- A planet once existed but was destroyed.
- Debris left over from the Solar System's formation.
Asteroids become meteors when entering a planet's atmosphere and turn into meteorites upon disintegration.

Outer or Jovian Planets

Jupiter
- Largest planet in the Solar System, named after Zeus, the god of gods.
- Size allows it to contain all other solar system bodies within it.
- Atmosphere dominated by hydrogen; known for the Great Red Spot, a massive storm system.
- Has 62 moons, with notable ones including:
  - Ganymede: Largest moon with a planetary gravitational pull.
  - Callisto: Second largest, has a carbon dioxide atmosphere.
  - Io: Active surface continually reshaped by tectonic activity.
  - Europa: Icy surface with a subsurface ocean, atmosphere of ionic oxygen.
Saturn
- Second largest planet, named after the titan Cronus.
- Renowned for its extensive rings composed of ice and rock, divided into three groups.
- Atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and helium, with strong winds (up to 1770 km/h).
- Hosts 24 moons, most notably:
  - Titan: Largest moon, features a dense, glowing atmosphere.

Description

Test your knowledge about the Sun, the brightest star in our Solar System. Explore its characteristics, energy production, and the role it plays for the inner planets. This quiz covers various aspects of solar science and the physics of celestial bodies.