Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems Quiz

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What components make up the Central Nervous System?

Brain and spinal cord (correct)

Cranial and spinal nerves

Peripheral sensory receptors

Ganglia and nerve endings

Which part of the neuron is responsible for initiating a nerve impulse?

Dendrites

Synaptic Terminals

Neurilemma

Axon Hillock (correct)

What type of glial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System?

Microglia

Oligodendrocytes (correct)

Schwann Cells

Astrocytes

Which statement best describes the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Regulates involuntary bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neuroglial cells?

Support and protect neurons Signup and view all the answers

In which nervous system are Schwann cells primarily found, and what is their main role?

Peripheral Nervous System; myelinate axons Signup and view all the answers

How do myelinated axons differ from unmyelinated axons in terms of impulse transmission?

Myelinated axons transmit impulses more quickly Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is responsible for conveying signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles or glands?

Motor Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gray matter in the nervous system?

Is composed of neuron cell bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which meninges layer is responsible for containing cerebrospinal fluid?

Arachnoid Mater Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tracts and nerves in the nervous system?

Tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS, while nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in emotion and memory?

Limbic System Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system structure is NOT part of the central nervous system?

Ganglion Signup and view all the answers

What function does the medulla oblongata control?

Heart rate and breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic brain vesicle develops into the cerebrum and diencephalon?

Forebrain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal roots of a spinal nerve?

Carrying sensory information Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal nerves are included in the lumbar plexus?

L1-L4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost layer surrounding a nerve called?

Epineurium Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are primarily associated with the brachial plexus?

Median, ulnar, and radial nerves Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?

Dorsal root ganglia Signup and view all the answers

The somatic nervous system primarily controls which of the following?

Voluntary muscle movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ventral ramus in the spinal nerve system?

Participates in nerve plexus formation Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a spinal reflex?

Peripheral nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?

To convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which structure controls the shape of the lens in the eye?

Ciliary body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about rods and cones is correct?

Rods function better in low light conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for regulating the amount of light that enters?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

Where is the highest concentration of cones found in the retina?

Fovea centralis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the lacrimal apparatus?

To produce and drain tears Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the eye contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris?

Vascular tunic Signup and view all the answers

What structure initiates the process of auditory sensation?

Tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which ear structure is responsible for amplifying sound vibrations?

Auditory ossicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?

Produce cerumen Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

Endolymph Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical region of the ear contains the tympanic membrane?

Middle ear Signup and view all the answers

What structures are involved in maintaining balance and spatial orientation in the inner ear?

Semicircular canals and vestibular complex Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear is responsible for detecting linear acceleration?

Utricle and saccule Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the oval window?

Stapes Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main ducts found in the cochlea?

Scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; control center
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other neural elements; transmits signals between CNS and body

Components of the CNS & PNS

CNS: Brain & spinal cord
PNS: Cranial & spinal nerves, ganglia, peripheral sensory receptors

Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous Systems

Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary functions (heartbeat, digestion); further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Characteristics of Neural Tissue

Composed of neurons and neuroglia (support cells)
Specialized for signal transmission and support
Functions of Neuroglia: Maintaining homeostasis, providing physical support, defending against pathogens

Neuron Structure & Function

Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons
Neurilemma: Outer layer of the Schwann cell; aids in nerve repair
Axon: Transmits impulses away from the neuron cell body
Axon Hillock: Initiates the nerve impulse
Synaptic Terminals: End points where neurons communicate with other cells

Myelin Sheath & Cells Forming It

Myelin Sheath: Insulates axons to increase nerve impulse speed
CNS: Formed by oligodendrocytes
PNS: Formed by Schwann cells

Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Axons

Myelinated Axons: Have myelin sheath; faster impulse transmission
Unmyelinated Axons: Lack myelin sheath; slower impulse transmission

Six Types of Neuroglial Cells & Their Functions

Astrocytes (CNS): Support and regulate the blood-brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes (CNS): Form the myelin sheath
Microglia (CNS): Remove debris and pathogens
Ependymal Cells (CNS): Produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Schwann Cells (PNS): Myelinate axons
Satellite Cells (PNS): Support neurons in ganglia

Functions of Neuron Types

Sensory Neurons: Transmit sensory information to the CNS
Motor Neurons: Convey signals from the CNS to muscles or glands
Interneurons: Link sensory and motor neurons; process information within the CNS

Differences Between: Gray & White Matter, Nucleus & Ganglion, Tract & Nerve, Sensory & Motor Tracts

Gray Matter: Neuron cell bodies
White Matter: Myelinated axons
Nucleus: Collection of cell bodies in the CNS
Ganglion: Collection of cell bodies in the PNS
Tract: Bundle of axons in the CNS
Nerve: Bundle of axons in the PNS
Sensory Tracts: Carry sensory information to the CNS
Motor Tracts: Carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles or glands

Meninges of the Brain & Spinal Cord

Dura Mater: Outermost, tough, fibrous layer; provides protection & structural support, contains blood vessels
Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer, web-like; cushions brain; contains cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space
Pia Mater: Innermost, thin & delicate; adheres to the surface of CNS; protects and contains blood vessels that supply the brain

Regions of the Brain & Their Functions

Cerebrum: Higher brain functions (thought, action, emotion, sensory processing)
Limbic System: Emotion, memory, motivation; key structures include the amygdala and hippocampus
Diencephalon: Thalamus & hypothalamus; regulates sensory & motor signals, autonomic functions
Thalamus: Relays sensory & motor signals to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis (temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, circadian rhythms)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain): Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycles
Metencephalon (Pons): Connects different parts of the brain; regulates sleep & respiratory functions
Medulla Oblongata: Autonomic functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)
Cerebellum: Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, motor learning

Embryonic Brain Vesicles & Adult Brain Regions

Forebrain (Prosencephalon): Becomes the cerebrum and diencephalon
Midbrain (Mesencephalon): Remains the midbrain in adults

Dorsal & Ventral Roots of a Spinal Nerve

Dorsal Roots: Carry sensory information into the spinal cord (afferent)
Ventral Roots: Carry motor commands from the spinal cord to muscles (efferent)

Number & Names of Spinal Nerves

31 Pairs: Cervical (C1-C8), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacral (S1-S5), Coccygeal (Co1)

Ramus of a Spinal Nerve in Nerve Plexus Formation

Ventral ramus participates in the formation of nerve plexuses

Epineurium, Perineurium, & Endoneurium

Epineurium: Outermost layer; surrounding a nerve
Perineurium: Middle layer; surrounds individual fascicles (bundles of nerve fibers)
Endoneurium: Innermost layer; surrounds each individual nerve fiber (axon)

Four Nerve Plexuses

Cervical Plexus: C1-C4; innervates neck muscles & skin
Brachial Plexus: C5-T1; innervates upper limbs (important nerves: median, ulnar, radial)
Lumbar Plexus: L1-L4; innervates lower limbs (important nerves: femoral, obturator)
Sacral Plexus: L4-S4; innervates pelvic region & lower limbs (important nerve: sciatic)

Pathways for Somatic Motor & Sensory Fibers

Somatic Motor Fibers: Exit the spinal cord via the ventral roots
Somatic Sensory Fibers: Enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots

Components of a Spinal Reflex

Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center (spinal cord)
Motor neuron
Effector (muscle or gland)

Definition of a Tract

Bundle of axons in the CNS that share a common origin, destination, and function

Cell Bodies in Dorsal Root Ganglia & Anterior Grey Horn

Dorsal Root Ganglia: Cell bodies of sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons)
Anterior Grey Horn: Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

Comparison of Somatic & Autonomic Nervous Systems

Somatic: Controls voluntary movements; innervates skeletal muscles; motor neurons convey signals from CNS to muscles; responsible for reflexes and conscious movement
Autonomic: Regulates involuntary functions; two divisions: sympathetic & parasympathetic

Three Anatomical Regions of the Ear

External: Ear canal, auricle (pinna)
Middle: Tympanic membrane (eardrum), auditory ossicles
Inner: Cochlea, vestibular system (semicircular canals, utricle, saccule)

Ceruminous Glands

Located in the external auditory canal
Produce cerumen (earwax); traps dust & debris, provides waterproof barrier

Auditory Ossicles

Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrup); form a chain from the eardrum to the oval window
Amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
Stapes transmits vibrations to the oval window

Labyrinth & Bony Labyrinth

Labyrinth refers to the inner ear's system of canals
Bony labyrinth is the rigid, bony outer wall that encases the inner ear structures; contains perilymph
Membranous labyrinth (within the bony labyrinth) contains endolymph fluid

Divisions of the Bony Labyrinth

Cochlea: Hearing
Vestibule: Balance
Semicircular canals: Balance

Utricle & Saccule Function

Utricle & Saccule: Detect linear acceleration & head position relative to gravity; contribute to balance & spatial orientation

Structure on the Oval Window

The stapes rests on the surface of the oval window

Hair Cells

Specialized sensory cells in the inner ear (cochlea & vestibular system)
Have hair-like projections (stereocilia) that respond to fluid motion & sound waves
Convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals

Function of the Semicircular Canals

Detect rotational movements of the head; contribute to balance & spatial orientation

Vestibular Complex Structures

Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule; all involved in balance & equilibrium

Arrangements of Ducts in the Cochlea

Scala vestibuli: Upper duct
Scala media: Cochlear duct; filled with endolymph
Scala tympani: Lower duct; contains perilymph

Organ of Corti

Sensory organ of hearing; located within the scala media of the cochlea
Contains hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses

Steps Involved in Auditory Sensation

Sound waves enter the ear canal, vibrate the tympanic membrane, causing the ossicles to move.
Stapes pushes against the oval window, creating pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea.
This movement stimulates hair cells in the organ of Corti, which generate electrical signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Nerve for Auditory Sensations

Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

Palpebrae

Eyelids; protect the eyes; help spread tears

Lacrimal Apparatus Function

Produces and drains tears; keeps the eye moist, protects from irritants

Three Tunics of the Eye

Fibrous Tunic: Outermost; sclera & cornea
Vascular Tunic: Middle; choroid, ciliary body, iris
Neural Tunic: Innermost; retina (pigmented layer & neural layer)

Location of the Cornea and Sclera

Fibrous Tunic

Structures in the Vascular Tunic

Choroid: Provides nutrients to the eye
Ciliary Body: Controls lens shape
Iris: Regulates pupil size

Pupil

Opening in the center of the iris; allows light to enter the eye

Layers of the Neural Tunic

Retina: Contains pigmented layer & neural layer

Function of Rods and Cones

Rods: Vision in low light & peripheral vision; more numerous than cones
Cones: Color vision & visual acuity

Macula Lutea and Fovea Centralis

Macula Lutea: Yellowish area near the center of the retina; high-acuity vision
Fovea Centralis: Central part of the macula; highest visual acuity; high concentration of cones

Main Chambers of the Eye

Anterior Chamber: Filled with aqueous humor; in front of the iris
Posterior Chamber: Filled with aqueous humor; behind the iris

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems, including their components, functions, and characteristics. Explore the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems, as well as the structure and function of neurons. Perfect for students studying biology or neuroscience.