Chp 46 Hall
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the central nervous system primarily handles reflexes and independent movements?

  • Spinal Cord (correct)
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Higher Brain
  • Lower Brain

    • Inhibitory signals can enhance the transmission of nerve signals.

    False

    What plays a key role in the integration of new sensory experiences with existing memories?

    Stored memories

    The ___ is responsible for filtering and prioritizing new information based on memory.

    <p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitter receptor types with their functions:

    <p>Ionotropic receptors = Directly gate ion channels Metabotropic receptors = Act through second-messengers G-protein coupled receptors = Triggered by neurotransmitter binding Cation channels = Permit sodium influx and are excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synaptic facilitation refers to the ability of synapses to:

    <p>Strengthen after repeated signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses allow signals to move in only one direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of presynaptic terminals?

    <p>To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___ is the part of the neuron that extends to communicate with other neurons.

    <p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a characteristic of chemical synapses?

    <p>Bidirectional transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of inhibition?

    <p>Opening Chloride Channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuropeptides are synthesized in the presynaptic terminal by ribosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-65mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an EPSP, the influx of Na+ increases the membrane potential to __________.

    <p>-45mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of synaptic transmission with their characteristics:

    <p>EPSP = Causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane IPSP = Causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane Presynaptic Inhibition = Reduces excitatory effects before reaching the synapse Co-transmission = Release of multiple neurotransmitters simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to synaptic fatigue?

    <p>Repetitive stimulation of excitatory synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time taken for neurotransmitter release and receptor binding is known as synaptic delay.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Na-K-ATPase pump in neuronal function?

    <p>Maintains ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During IPSP, the membrane potential can reach close to __________.

    <p>-70mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters has both excitatory and inhibitory effects?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is secreted mainly at synapses in the spinal cord and is always inhibitory?

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine is predominantly excitatory in its effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain contains noradrenergic neurons that increase wakefulness?

    <p>locus ceruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is secreted by the presynaptic terminals in many sensory pathways and is always excitatory.

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of serotonin in the nervous system?

    <p>Inhibition of pain pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters to their primary effect:

    <p>Norepinephrine = Excitatory and inhibitory Dopamine = Usually inhibitory GABA = Primarily inhibitory in adults Glutamate = Always excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitric oxide can alter membrane potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is synthesized instantly as needed and diffuses out of the presynaptic terminals?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is secreted by neurons in the basal ganglia and affects the striatal region.

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is known to have an excitatory effect during the embryonic period?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the nervous system is primarily responsible for coordinating fine motor control?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory information is always discarded by the brain after initial processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synapses in the nervous system?

    <p>Signal transfer between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information is the ______.

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nervous system areas with their respective functions:

    <p>Spinal Cord = Manages reflexive responses Cerebellum = Refines coordination and balance Basal Ganglia = Facilitates smooth voluntary movements Motor Cortex = Plans complex voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the contraction of smooth muscles in internal organs?

    <p>Effector Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon of a neuron can receive input signals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sensory receptors in the nervous system?

    <p>To detect sensory experiences and initiate nervous system activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signal normally passes only in the ______ direction across synapses.

    <p>forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT involved in the initial processing of sensory information?

    <p>Motor Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in synaptic facilitation?

    <p>Repeated signal transmission strengthens synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse allows bidirectional transmission of signals?

    <p>Electrical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the inhibition of postsynaptic neurons?

    <p>Increased potassium conductance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do second-messengers play in neuronal function?

    <p>They sustain prolonged neuronal excitation or inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the presynaptic terminal in a neuron?

    <p>To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure in the CNS is primarily involved in autonomic functions?

    <p>Lower brain/subcortical level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism can enhance synaptic transmission?

    <p>Facilitatory signals from other neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is predominantly secreted by postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes ionotropic receptors?

    <p>Directly open ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the G-protein complex in signal transduction?

    <p>To activate cAMP or cGMP for cellular changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily stored in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of glutamate when secreted in sensory pathways?

    <p>Excitation of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter affects mood and helps in pain inhibition in the higher regions of the nervous system?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is synthesized instantly as needed and plays a role in long-term behavior and memory?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which life stage is GABA primarily excitatory rather than inhibitory?

    <p>In the embryonic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dopamine primarily serve in the nervous system?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is secreted by neurons originating in the substantia nigra and primarily inhibits activity in the basal ganglia?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is norepinephrine primarily secreted from in the nervous system?

    <p>Brainstem and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glycine when secreted at synapses?

    <p>Inhibitory only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of presynaptic inhibition at presynaptic terminals?

    <p>Decreases sodium ion influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily contributes to the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

    <p>Increased conductance of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the coordination of fine motor control?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about small-molecule neurotransmitters is correct?

    <p>They can elicit acute responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of synaptic fatigue on neuronal firing?

    <p>Decreases neurotransmitter concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a relay station for sensory information within the brain?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does spatial summation occur?

    <p>When multiple presynaptic terminals fire simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synapses in neuronal communication?

    <p>Serve as a junction for signal transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory information can lead to which of the following outcomes?

    <p>Storage as memories for future reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of electrotonic conduction in dendrites?

    <p>Direct spread of electrical currents without action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily for integrating sensory information for perception?

    <p>Cerebral Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is effect of alkalosis on neuronal excitability?

    <p>It increases excitability and may trigger seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of dendrites affects the efficacy of synaptic signals?

    <p>Spatial field for signal summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the reticular substance in the brain?

    <p>Regulates involuntary motor functions and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a function of the motor cortex?

    <p>Handles reflexive responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the anatomical structures that perform functions dictated by nerve signals?

    <p>Motor effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to more than 99% of sensory information in the brain?

    <p>It is discarded as irrelevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

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