Nervous System Part 3: Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cerebrum?

  • Processing sensory information from the skin
  • Initiation and control of voluntary muscle contraction (correct)
  • Regulating hormonal output from the pituitary gland
  • Coordination of involuntary muscle actions
  • Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

  • Corpus callosum (correct)
  • Cerebellum
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • What role does the thalamus play in sensory perception?

  • It processes only visual and auditory stimuli.
  • It integrates complex sensory inputs from different organs.
  • It is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements.
  • It relays sensory information and provides basic perception. (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Processing complex reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the human brain?

    <p>1.4 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily associated with mental activities like memory and reasoning?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components the mid brain is composed of?

    <p>Nuclei and nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>It provides nutrients and removes waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pons in the central nervous system?

    <p>It connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT performed by the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Processing sensory information from the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance surrounds and protects the spinal cord?

    <p>Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is cerebrospinal fluid typically renewed?

    <p>Four times daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component within cerebrospinal fluid is responsible for transporting hormones in the brain?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of cerebrospinal fluid helps reduce brain weight?

    <p>Buoyancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulses does the spinal cord primarily convey?

    <p>Impulses from the brain to various organs and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness of the spinal cord approximately comparable to?

    <p>A little finger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System

    • Brain:
      • Weighs 1.4 kg
      • Lies in the cranial cavity
      • Composed of:
        • Cerebrum
        • Thalamus
        • Hypothalamus
        • Midbrain
        • Pons
        • Medulla oblongata
        • Cerebellum
    • Cerebrum:
      • Largest part of the brain
      • Has 3 main functional areas associated with:
        • Mental activities (memory, intelligence, problem-solving, reflection, judgement, thinking, reasoning, initiative, inhibition, moral sense of responsibility, and learning)
        • Sensory perception (perception of pain, temperature, and touch)
        • Initiation and control of voluntary muscle contraction
      • Cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled, increasing surface area and neuron density
      • Divided into two hemispheres (left and right) by a deep furrow
        • Corpus callosum connects both hemispheres
    • Thalamus:
      • Small structure that receives sensory information from the skin, viscera, and special sense organs
      • Processes rudimentary perception of touch, pain, temperature
      • Plays a role in arousal and the processing of emotions and complex reflexes
    • Hypothalamus:
      • Situated within the cerebrum
      • Attached to the pituitary gland
      • Controls hormone release
      • Controls autonomic nervous system effectors
      • Involved in emotional reactions, hunger and thirst, body temperature regulation, and biological clocks
    • Midbrain:
      • Composed of nuclei and nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum with lower parts of the brain and spinal cord
      • Contains relay stations for ascending and descending nerve fibers
      • Important for auditory and visual reflexes
    • Pons:
      • Contains nerve fibers that form a bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
      • Processes information from several cranial nerves
    • Medulla Oblongata:
      • Continuous with the spinal cord
      • Controls effectors (cardiovascular center, respiratory center)
      • Contains reflex centers for coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing
    • Spinal Cord:
      • Nerves carry impulses from the brain to organs and tissues
      • Descend through the spinal column
      • Starts in the medulla oblongata
      • Elongated, cylindrical part of the CNS
      • Suspended in the vertebral canal
      • Surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
      • Approximately the thickness of a little finger (about 45 cm long)

    Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • Clear, colorless fluid
    • Occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain
    • Acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex
    • Renewed 4 times daily
    • Contains proteins, glucose, and lymphocytes

    Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • Protection:
      • Acts as a buffer that lessens the impact of blows to the head
    • Buoyancy:
      • Reduces the brain's weight (from 1400g to 50g) to minimize pressure on the base of the brain
    • Excretion of waste products:
      • One-way flow from the CSF to the blood takes away potentially harmful metabolites, drugs, and other substances from the brain
    • Endocrine medium for the brain:
      • Transports hormones to specific areas of the brain

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Composed of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body.

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