Nervous system part 3
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Central Nervous System (correct)
  • Autonomic Nervous System

What main function is associated with the cerebrum?

  • Regulation of hormone secretion
  • Coordination of involuntary actions
  • Control of involuntary movements
  • Memory and problem-solving (correct)

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

  • To relay motor signals to the cerebellum
  • To transmit sensory signals to the spinal cord
  • To control voluntary muscle contraction
  • To connect the two hemispheres of the brain (correct)

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for sensory signal relay?

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated weight of the human brain?

<p>1.4 kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Protect the brain and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional area is NOT associated with the cerebrum?

<p>Coordination of balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

<p>Deep furrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in motor coordination and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main area of the brain?

<p>Medulla spinalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus primarily play in the body?

<p>Controls hormone output and autonomic functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is directly responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movement?

<p>Pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

<p>Acts as a cushion and provides buoyancy for the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in processing basic forms of sensory information?

<p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the spinal cord begin?

<p>In the medulla oblongata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proprioceptors responsible for?

<p>Receiving stimuli related to body position and movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to the brain?

<p>To provide cushioning and reduce pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the buoyancy provided by the cerebrospinal fluid affect the brain's weight?

<p>Reduces its weight from about 1400g to about 50g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?

<p>45 cms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood primarily accomplish?

<p>Removes harmful substances from the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function does the medulla oblongata NOT primarily control?

<p>Voluntary muscle coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components found in cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Proteins, glucose, and lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Activating the 'fight or flight' response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Promote the 'rest and digest' phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure connects the cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Midbrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cranial nerves are there, and where do they originate?

<p>12 pairs; originate from the inferior surface of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

<p>They leave the spinal canal passing through intervertebral foramina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the naming convention of spinal nerves?

<p>Their location along the vertebral column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It regulates subconscious bodily functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What makes up the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.

Where is the brain located?

The brain, weighing 1.4kg, sits inside the skull.

What is the cerebrum and what does it do?

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, involved in thinking, memory, and voluntary movement.

What is the cerebral cortex and why is it wrinkled?

The wrinkled surface of the cerebrum, called the cerebral cortex, allows for more neurons to fit in.

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How is the cerebrum divided?

The cerebrum has two hemispheres, left and right, connected by the corpus callosum.

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What is the role of the thalamus?

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor information to the cerebrum.

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What does the hypothalamus control?

The hypothalamus controls hormone release and regulates important functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

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What does the midbrain do?

The midbrain connects the cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord, playing a role in reflexes.

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What is the function of the pons?

The pons acts like a bridge for information between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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What does the medulla oblongata control?

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and swallowing.

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What is the role of the spinal cord?

The spinal cord carries nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, starting in the medulla oblongata.

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What is cerebrospinal fluid and what does it do?

Cerebrospinal fluid cushions and protects the brain, also helping to remove waste.

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What is the peripheral nervous system?

The peripheral nervous system includes both voluntary and involuntary actions, like breathing or digestion.

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What does the autonomic nervous system control?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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What is the sympathetic nervous system?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for 'fight or flight' responses in emergencies.

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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

The parasympathetic nervous system restores your body to a calm 'rest and digest' state.

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What are cranial nerves?

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain, mostly from the brainstem, and control functions in the head and neck.

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What are spinal nerves?

Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and control various parts of the body.

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What are the functions of the cerebrum?

The cerebrum is responsible for higher mental functions like thinking, learning, and problem solving.

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What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

The cerebral cortex is involved in sensory perception, processing information from the senses.

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What is another function of the cerebral cortex?

The cerebral cortex also plays a role in initiating and controlling voluntary movements of the body.

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What is the role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

The thalamus receives sensory information from the body and passes it on to the cerebrum.

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What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotions?

The hypothalamus plays a role in controlling emotions, including feelings like hunger and thirst.

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What is the midbrain's role in sensory reflexes?

The midbrain receives auditory and visual information and helps control reflexes related to these senses.

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What is the role of the pons in breathing?

The pons helps to control breathing and other involuntary movements, working closely with the medulla oblongata.

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What is the medulla oblongata's role in essential functions?

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, and swallowing, keeping you alive.

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What is the role of the spinal cord in communication?

The spinal cord carries nerve impulses from the brain to the rest of the body, allowing for communication and control.

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What is the role of the spinal cord in sensory information?

The spinal cord also receives sensory information from the body and sends it back to the brain.

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Study Notes

The Central Nervous System

  • Composed of the brain and spinal cord
  • Brain weighs approximately 1.4kg
  • Brain sits within the cranial cavity
  • Brain comprises eight areas:
    • Cerebrum
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla Oblongata
    • Cerebellum

The Cerebrum

  • Largest part of the brain
  • Three functional areas associated with:
    • Mental Activities: memory, intelligence, problem solving, reflection, judgment, thinking, reasoning, initiative, inhibition, moral sense of responsibility, and learning
    • Sensory Perception: perception of pain, temperature, and touch
    • Initiation and control of voluntary muscle contraction

The Cerebral Cortex

  • Highly wrinkled which increases surface area for more neurons to fit inside
  • Deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres: left and right
  • Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres
  • Located above the brainstem

Thalamus

  • Located between the cerebral cortex and midbrain
  • Extensive nerve connections to both
  • Main function: relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
  • Receives information about touch, pain, and temperature from sensory receptors in the skin and viscera
  • Input from the special sense organs travel here
  • Involved in arousal, processing of some emotions and complex reflexes

Hypothalamus

  • Situated within the cerebrum
  • Attached to the pituitary gland
  • Controls the output of hormones
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system:
    • Emotional reactions
    • Hunger and thirst
    • Body temperature
    • Biological clocks

Midbrain

  • Contains nuclei and nerve fibers connecting the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain and the spinal cord
  • Nuclei act as relay stations for ascending and descending nerve fibers
  • Important roles in auditory and visual reflexes

Pons

  • Contains nerve fibers forming a bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
  • Processes information from several cranial nerves

Medulla Oblongata

  • Continuous with the spinal cord
  • Coordinates voluntary muscle movement
  • Important for posture and balance and smooth movements
  • Receives impulses from the proprioceptors (sensory receptors that receive stimuli from within the body, especially position and movement)
  • Controls vital senses of the body:
    • Cardiovascular center
    • Respiratory center
    • Reflex centers: coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing

Spinal Cord

  • Nerves conveying impulses from the brain to various organs descend through the spinal cord
  • Starts in the medulla oblongata
  • Descends through the spinal column
  • Surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
  • Approximately the thickness of a little finger
  • Approximately 45 cm long

Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Clear colorless fluid that:
    • Occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain
    • Acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex
    • Renewed four times daily
    • Contains proteins, glucose, and lymphocytes

Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Protection: Cushions the brain to reduce impact
  • Buoyancy: Reduces the weight of the brain
  • Excretion of waste products: Removes metabolites, drugs, and other substances from the brain
  • Endocrine medium for the brain: Transports hormones to certain areas of the brain

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Voluntary and involuntary (heart rate, digestion)
  • Contains the autonomic nervous system which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
  • Sympathetic nervous system: activated in a "fight or flight" response during threat or perceived danger; needed for short term survival
  • Parasympathetic nervous system: restores the body to a state of calm ("rest and digest" phase); needed for long term survival

Cranial Nerves

  • Twelve pairs
  • Originate on the inferior surface of the brain, mainly the brain stem
  • Some are sensory, some motor, and some mixed
  • Names suggest their distribution or function and generally relate to the head and neck

Spinal Nerves

  • Thirty-one pairs
  • Leave the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina (small opening between each vertebrae)
  • Named according to the associated vertebrae
    • Eight cervical
    • Twelve thoracic
    • Five lumber
    • Five sacrum
    • One coccyx

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Nervous System Part 3 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential components of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Explore the structures within the brain, such as the cerebrum and thalamus, and their functions in mental activities and sensory perception. Test your knowledge on this vital aspect of human anatomy.

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