Central Nervous System Overview
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Central Nervous System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Central Nervous System (correct)
  • Autonomic Nervous System

    • What main function is associated with the cerebrum?

  • Regulation of hormone secretion
  • Coordination of involuntary actions
  • Control of involuntary movements
  • Memory and problem-solving (correct)

    • What is the function of the corpus callosum?

  • To relay motor signals to the cerebellum
  • To transmit sensory signals to the spinal cord
  • To control voluntary muscle contraction
  • To connect the two hemispheres of the brain (correct)

    • Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for sensory signal relay?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated weight of the human brain?

    <p>1.4 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Protect the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional area is NOT associated with the cerebrum?

    <p>Coordination of balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

    <p>Deep furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in motor coordination and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a main area of the brain?

    <p>Medulla spinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus primarily play in the body?

    <p>Controls hormone output and autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is directly responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movement?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Acts as a cushion and provides buoyancy for the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in processing basic forms of sensory information?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinal cord begin?

    <p>In the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proprioceptors responsible for?

    <p>Receiving stimuli related to body position and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to the brain?

    <p>To provide cushioning and reduce pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the buoyancy provided by the cerebrospinal fluid affect the brain's weight?

    <p>Reduces its weight from about 1400g to about 50g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?

    <p>45 cms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood primarily accomplish?

    <p>Removes harmful substances from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function does the medulla oblongata NOT primarily control?

    <p>Voluntary muscle coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components found in cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Proteins, glucose, and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Activating the 'fight or flight' response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Promote the 'rest and digest' phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure connects the cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cranial nerves are there, and where do they originate?

    <p>12 pairs; originate from the inferior surface of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

    <p>They leave the spinal canal passing through intervertebral foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the naming convention of spinal nerves?

    <p>Their location along the vertebral column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It regulates subconscious bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Central Nervous System

    • Composed of the brain and spinal cord
    • Brain weighs approximately 1.4kg
    • Brain sits within the cranial cavity
    • Brain comprises eight areas:
      • Cerebrum
      • Thalamus
      • Hypothalamus
      • Midbrain
      • Pons
      • Medulla Oblongata
      • Cerebellum

    The Cerebrum

    • Largest part of the brain
    • Three functional areas associated with:
      • Mental Activities: memory, intelligence, problem solving, reflection, judgment, thinking, reasoning, initiative, inhibition, moral sense of responsibility, and learning
      • Sensory Perception: perception of pain, temperature, and touch
      • Initiation and control of voluntary muscle contraction

    The Cerebral Cortex

    • Highly wrinkled which increases surface area for more neurons to fit inside
    • Deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres: left and right
    • Corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres
    • Located above the brainstem

    Thalamus

    • Located between the cerebral cortex and midbrain
    • Extensive nerve connections to both
    • Main function: relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex
    • Receives information about touch, pain, and temperature from sensory receptors in the skin and viscera
    • Input from the special sense organs travel here
    • Involved in arousal, processing of some emotions and complex reflexes

    Hypothalamus

    • Situated within the cerebrum
    • Attached to the pituitary gland
    • Controls the output of hormones
    • Controls the autonomic nervous system:
      • Emotional reactions
      • Hunger and thirst
      • Body temperature
      • Biological clocks

    Midbrain

    • Contains nuclei and nerve fibers connecting the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain and the spinal cord
    • Nuclei act as relay stations for ascending and descending nerve fibers
    • Important roles in auditory and visual reflexes

    Pons

    • Contains nerve fibers forming a bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
    • Processes information from several cranial nerves

    Medulla Oblongata

    • Continuous with the spinal cord
    • Coordinates voluntary muscle movement
    • Important for posture and balance and smooth movements
    • Receives impulses from the proprioceptors (sensory receptors that receive stimuli from within the body, especially position and movement)
    • Controls vital senses of the body:
      • Cardiovascular center
      • Respiratory center
      • Reflex centers: coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing

    Spinal Cord

    • Nerves conveying impulses from the brain to various organs descend through the spinal cord
    • Starts in the medulla oblongata
    • Descends through the spinal column
    • Surrounded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
    • Approximately the thickness of a little finger
    • Approximately 45 cm long

    Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • Clear colorless fluid that:
      • Occupies the subarachnoid space in the brain
      • Acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex
      • Renewed four times daily
      • Contains proteins, glucose, and lymphocytes

    Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

    • Protection: Cushions the brain to reduce impact
    • Buoyancy: Reduces the weight of the brain
    • Excretion of waste products: Removes metabolites, drugs, and other substances from the brain
    • Endocrine medium for the brain: Transports hormones to certain areas of the brain

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Voluntary and involuntary (heart rate, digestion)
    • Contains the autonomic nervous system which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
    • Sympathetic nervous system: activated in a "fight or flight" response during threat or perceived danger; needed for short term survival
    • Parasympathetic nervous system: restores the body to a state of calm ("rest and digest" phase); needed for long term survival

    Cranial Nerves

    • Twelve pairs
    • Originate on the inferior surface of the brain, mainly the brain stem
    • Some are sensory, some motor, and some mixed
    • Names suggest their distribution or function and generally relate to the head and neck

    Spinal Nerves

    • Thirty-one pairs
    • Leave the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramina (small opening between each vertebrae)
    • Named according to the associated vertebrae
      • Eight cervical
      • Twelve thoracic
      • Five lumber
      • Five sacrum
      • One coccyx

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    Nervous System Part 3 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential components of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Explore the structures within the brain, such as the cerebrum and thalamus, and their functions in mental activities and sensory perception. Test your knowledge on this vital aspect of human anatomy.

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