Neuroscience
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the neural mechanisms involved in communication between neurons?

  • Synaptic transmission (correct)
  • Neuronal signaling
  • Neuroplasticity
  • Cognitive processing

What aspect of drug effects on neurotransmission does psychopharmacology primarily study?

  • The neurobiology of substances that alter mental states (correct)
  • The structural changes in the brain from drug use
  • The psychological effects of intoxication
  • The genetic basis of addiction

What does neuropsychology primarily assess to understand brain function?

  • Genetic influences on behavior
  • Cognitive modeling
  • Neural circuitry
  • Standardized tests and experimental tasks (correct)

Which neuroscience field focuses on the creation of computer models to test theories about brain functions?

<p>Computational neuroscience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of study examines how neuronal signaling is affected at the molecular and cellular levels?

<p>Neurobiology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptic plasticity primarily related to?

<p>Strength of connections between synapses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when neurotransmitter (NT) release increases at a synapse?

<p>Altered electrical current triggering an action potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes neurite extensions during neuronal migration?

<p>Neurons connect to distant areas of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by the creation and removal of synapses?

<p>Synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is functional reorganization demonstrated in individuals who are blind?

<p>The primary visual cortex activates during braille reading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT typically used to study brain function?

<p>Inducing diseases in subjects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the relationship between cognition and brain anatomy is accurate?

<p>Brain areas can be preferentially involved in certain functions, but it's misleading to classify them as dedicated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does practice have on brain activity over time?

<p>Reduces brain activity and distribution of activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charge inside an axon during depolarization?

<p>It becomes more positive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitter receptors play in neuron communication?

<p>They are activated by neurotransmitters to influence the receiving neuron. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine?

<p>They prevent the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting electrical impulses?

<p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It regulates essential bodily functions without conscious control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the difference between grey matter and white matter in the brain?

<p>Grey matter consists of cell bodies, while white matter consists of myelinated axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the synapse when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

<p>Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the neural signal is the inside of the axon relatively negatively charged compared to the outside?

<p>Resting potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of neurotransmitter receptors?

<p>They are specific to certain neurotransmitters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences the likelihood of a new action potential being generated in a neuron?

<p>The charge inside the receiving neuron after receptor activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the central nervous system?

<p>Peripheral nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of drugs that mimic neurotransmitters?

<p>They activate specific neurotransmitter receptors, enhancing signal transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?

<p>Processing sensory information and relaying it to the cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neuroplasticity

The ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience.

Synaptic Plasticity

Changes in the strength of connections between neurons (synapses).

Neurogenesis

The creation of new neurons. Limited in adults.

Functional Reorganisation

Brain functions shifting to different areas.

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Direct Interventional Studies

Studies that intentionally change brain function to see the effect.

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Neuroimaging

Indirect examination of brain function or structure.

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Levels of Explanation

Different approaches to understanding mental processes, ranging from social to biological.

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"Brain Area for X"

Misconception; no specific brain area is solely responsible for a function.

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Neurobiology

The study of the nervous system, focusing on the molecular and cellular level interactions.

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Systems Neuroscience

Study of neural networks, from small groups of interconnected neurons to larger brain circuits.

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Psychopharmacology

Study of substances that affect the mind, including medications, drugs, and chemicals.

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Neuropsychology

Examines how brain structure and function relate to thoughts, feelings, and behaviors using tests and tasks.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Study of the brain's role in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors using brain function measurements, often involving neuroimaging.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system responsible for integrating and processing information, consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

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Brain

The control center of the body, responsible for processing information, movement, and cognitive functions.

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Spinal Cord

A long, tubular structure that relays messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and controls reflexes.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from senses to muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like breathing and digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the 'fight-or-flight' response.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

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Neuron

The fundamental unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

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Action Potential

A temporary shift in membrane potential (from negative to positive) that travels down the axon.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that carry signals across synapses.

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Receptors

Protein molecules on the receiving neuron that bind to neurotransmitters.

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Depolarization

The process of the membrane potential becoming less negative, usually triggering an action potential.

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Grey Matter

The brain region primarily composed of cell bodies.

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White Matter

The brain region primarily composed of axons.

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Study Notes

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • The CNS is vital for processing information
  • Consists of two main parts: the brain and spinal cord
  • The brain is the control center for processing sensory information, regulating bodily functions, and cognitive processes
  • The spinal cord acts as a communication highway between the brain and the periphery
  • It relays messages between the brain and peripheral nervous system and plays a role in reflexes

Peripheral Nervous System

  • The peripheral nervous system receives and transmits information from the senses or muscles
  • Has sensory nerves for sensation and motor nerves for muscle contractions
  • Spinal nerves and cranial nerves deliver information

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Largely unconscious control of bodily functions
  • Includes breathing, pupil dilation, sexual arousal, and digestion
  • Composed of two parts: sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Neuron

  • The fundamental unit of the nervous system
  • Consists of:
    • Cell body (responsible for cell maintenance)
    • Axon (covered by myelin to transmit electrical impulses)
    • Dendrite (receive signals from other cells)
  • Many types of neurons perform specialised tasks

Communication

  • The electrical signal in neurons is called an action potential

Synapse

  • The junction between neurons
  • Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal to communicate with the receiving neuron
  • Receptors are activated by specific neurotransmitters

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Description

Explore the intricate workings of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and its components, including the brain and spinal cord. This quiz delves into the roles of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, as well as the fundamental units known as neurons. Test your knowledge on how these systems function to maintain bodily processes.

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