51 Questions
Which part of the nervous system allows cells of the immune system to enter and exit more freely?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Where are collections of neuronal cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system?
Dorsal root ganglia
Which part of the nervous system has fewer neuronal cell bodies?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Where are collections of neuronal cell bodies found in the central nervous system?
Basal nuclei
Which part of the cerebral cortex forms a relatively thin layer superficially?
Gray matter
In which part of the nervous system can axons/nerves sometimes regenerate after damage?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Which type of cells form a multi-layer lipid coat that 'insulates' axons in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes
Where are myelinated axons found in the nervous system?
Both in the PNS and CNS
What is the main component of areas in the central nervous system that have relatively few myelinated axons?
Neuronal and glial cell bodies
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receiving inputs from other neurons
Where are large tracts usually found in the nervous system?
White matter
What determines whether a neuron will send a signal down the axon?
The integration of inputs in axon hillock
Which cranial nerves control PaNS for the heart, lungs, and majority of the GI system?
CN X
Which nervous system decreases heart rate and cardiac output?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Where are the ganglia located for the Sacral nerves of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Closer to target organs
Which system decreases digestive function and increases glucose availability?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Which cranial nerves control PaNS over pupillary muscles?
CN III
Which nervous system increases blood flow to the digestive tract?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which part of the neuron is responsible for action potentials?
Axon hillock
What type of neurons can be myelinated by Schwann cells?
PNS of neurons
Which part of the nervous system involves afferent nerves for sensory information?
Sensory system
What does the motor system control in addition to skeletal muscles?
Autonomic nervous system
Where do efferents carry information from?
Central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system
Which glial cell type plays a critical role in forming and strengthening synapses, regulating ion concentration, and providing structural support in the CNS?
Astrocytes
Which cells remove cellular debris, monitor the environment, and fight pathogens in the CNS?
Microglia
What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Wrapping around axons to form myelin sheath
Which cells regulate the production and filtiration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ependymal cells
What is the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS?
Isolating the CNS from immune cells and toxins
Which part of the neuron is the site of protein synthesis?
Neuronal cell body (soma)
Microglial cells are the only immune cells allowed into CNS
True
What would happen if end-feet of astrocytes were to be damaged?
BBB would become leaky
There are as many microglial cells in the CNS as neurons
True
What type of cell is the most numerous in CNS?
Astrocytes
Waves of calcium in the brain can cause......
Depolarization of astrocytes
Which of the following is made of strong fibrous connective tissue that surrounds nerves?
Epineurium
Which of the following can regulate what moves into fascicles?
Perineurium
Endoneurium is a delicate CT layer that surrounds individual axons
True
What is the main function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?
Forming the myelin sheath for axons within fascicles
What is the role of satellite cells in the peripheral nervous system?
Surrounding, protecting, and nourishing neuronal cell bodies located in ganglia
Which cells form the Blood-Nerve Barrier (BNB) in the peripheral nervous system?
Perineurium cells and capillaries' endothelial cells
Which component of the neuron is responsible for protein synthesis?
Nissl substance in the neuronal cell body
What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
Each Schwann cell myelinates one axon, while each oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple nearby axons
What is the function of the Blood-Nerve Barrier (BNB) in the peripheral nervous system?
Actively regulating the movement of ions and immune cells into the fascicles
What is the site of a unique electrical phenomenon of the cell membrane known as an action potential?
Axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminals
Which type of neurons have a distal process that either interacts with a sensory receptor or serves as a sensory receptor?
Pseudo-unipolar neurons
What type of neurons are typical of neurons that detect the special senses such as vision, hearing, and smell?
Bipolar neurons
What are the myelin-free segments known as, which are crucial to action potential generation?
Nodes of Ranvier
Which type of neurons are typical of dorsal root ganglion cells involved in somatic sensation?
Pseudo-unipolar neurons
What are the sites of a unique electrical phenomenon of the cell membrane known as an action potential?
Axon hillock, axon, and synaptic terminals
What type of dendritic spine is the most effective at relaying information?
Mushroom
Sacral nerves house all of the visceral efferents of the bowel, reproductive organs and the kidney
True
Study Notes
Central Nervous System Histology
- Basal nuclei are often called basal ganglia, containing axons, neuronal, and glial cell bodies.
- Glial cell types in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
- Astrocytes play a critical role in CNS physiology, forming and strengthening synapses, regulating ion concentration, and providing structural support.
- Astrocytes are interconnected via gap junctions, facilitating calcium waves and general depolarization, which may enhance neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity.
- Oligodendrocytes wrap around axons, forming myelin sheath to increase the speed and efficiency of action potential conduction.
- Microglial cells remove cellular debris, monitor the environment, and fight pathogens in the CNS.
- The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced by the choroid plexus and circulated through the ventricular system.
- CSF production is regulated by ependymal cells and selectively transports water, electrolytes, and nutrients from blood to CSF.
- The blood-brain barrier (BBB) isolates the CNS from immune cells, noxious wastes, toxins, and pathogens, with astrocytes playing a crucial role in maintaining its integrity.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains Schwann cells, satellite cells, and a blood-nerve barrier (BNB) that regulates the movement of ions and immune cells into the fascicles.
- Dendrites are the input area of neurons, with dendritic spines forming synapses with axon terminals to carry information to the rest of the neuron.
- The neuronal cell body, or soma, is the site of protein synthesis, containing Nissl substance, microtubules, actin microfilaments, and neurofilaments for structural stability and protein synthesis.
Test your knowledge of central nervous system histology with this quiz. Explore the structure and functions of key components such as basal nuclei, glial cells, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier. Challenge yourself with questions about neuronal anatomy and the peripheral nervous system.
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