Central Nervous System Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which type of nerve fibers are responsible for carrying fast pain?

Group Aδ fibers (correct)

Nociceptors

C fibers

Dorsal column fibers

Which neurotransmitter's release is inhibited by opioids?

Norepinephrine

Substance P (correct)

Serotonin

Dopamine

Which spinal sensory pathway is responsible for discriminating touch and proprioception?

Dorsal column tract (correct)

Ventral spinothalamic tract

Spinocerebellar tracts

Spinothalamic tract

Which spinal sensory pathway is responsible for transmitting crude touch sensations?

Ventral spinothalamic tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the spinocerebellar tracts?

Transmitting subconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What causes neurotransmitters stored in vesicles to be released from the presynaptic neuron?

Opening of calcium ion channels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of potential causes partial local hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main result of integrating inputs from many presynaptic terminals on the postsynaptic neuron?

Overall stimulation or inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of opening chloride ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane?

Hyperpolarization by allowing chloride ions to flow out Signup and view all the answers

How do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) differ from inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)?

EPSP leads to partial local depolarization, while IPSP leads to partial local hyperpolarization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Initiation and coordination of voluntary movements Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse allows direct cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells?

Electrical synapse Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integrative nervous system?

Controlling thought processes, learning, language, and emotions Signup and view all the answers

How many branches does a typical axon have at its terminal end?

1000 branches Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are mentioned in the text as being involved in chemical synapses?

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulation of involuntary bodily functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chloride or potassium channels in the postsynaptic neuron?

Allowing positive ions to diffuse inside the neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is activated by pressure or changes in pressure?

Mechanoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific function of Hair cells in the organ of Corti?

Activated by pressure Signup and view all the answers

In what way do Chemoreceptors function?

Activated by chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and carotid arch?

Activated by pressure Signup and view all the answers

How do Photoreceptors in the retina function?

Activated by light Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pain and Sensory Pathways

Fast pain is carried by A-delta fibers, which transmit sharp, localized pain sensations.
Opioids inhibit the release of substance P, a neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission.
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway discriminates touch and proprioception, allowing for fine sensory discrimination.
The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting crude touch sensations, as well as temperature and pain.

Neuron Functionality

The primary role of the spinocerebellar tracts is to convey proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum for coordination of movement.
Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles are released from the presynaptic neuron through exocytosis, often triggered by the influx of calcium ions.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) cause partial local hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential.
Integrating inputs from multiple presynaptic terminals results in summation, influencing the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing.

Ion Channels and Synapses

Opening chloride ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane typically causes hyperpolarization, counteracting excitatory signals.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) lead to depolarization and increased likelihood of an action potential, while inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) lead to hyperpolarization and decreased likelihood.
The somatic nervous system primarily controls voluntary movements and processes sensory information from external stimuli.

Synapse Types and Nervous Systems

Electrical synapses allow direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells, facilitating rapid signal transmission.
The primary function of the integrative nervous system is to process sensory information and coordinate appropriate responses.
A typical axon has several branches at its terminal end, enhancing its ability to communicate with multiple target cells.

Neurotransmitters and Nervous System Functions

Neurotransmitters involved in chemical synapses include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, which convey signals between neurons.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions, controlling processes such as heart rate and digestion.
Chloride and potassium channels in the postsynaptic neuron primarily function to stabilize resting membrane potential and modulate neuronal excitability.

Sensory Receptors

Mechanoreceptors are activated by pressure or changes in pressure, detecting mechanical stimuli.
Hair cells in the organ of Corti function as mechanotransducers, converting sound vibrations into electrical signals for hearing.
Chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical concentrations, playing a critical role in taste and smell.
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and carotid arch monitor blood pressure, sending signals to the brain to help regulate cardiovascular functions.
Photoreceptors in the retina detect light, converting it into electrical signals that contribute to vision.

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Description

Learn about the central nervous system and how it regulates various body systems through the endocrine and nervous systems. Explore the anatomical and physiological classifications of the nervous system, along with its functional divisions.