Central Nervous System Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Horner's syndrome?

  • Miosis
  • Ptosis
  • Mydriasis (correct)
  • Anhidrosis

Which neurotransmitter is associated with an increased concentration in the spinal cord of individuals with fibromyalgia?

  • GABA
  • Acetylcholine
  • Glutamate (correct)
  • Dopamine

Which of the following is a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

  • Strong social skills
  • Excessive imaginative play
  • Enjoyment of loud and chaotic environments
  • Limited interests (correct)

What type of nerve fiber conducts signals related to discriminative touch, pressure, and joint rotation?

<p>A beta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complaint of individuals with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)?

<p>Severe, spontaneous pain disproportionate to the injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

<p>Coordination and balance control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery primarily supplies blood to the frontal and parietal lobes?

<p>Anterior cerebral artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central sulcus separates which two gyri?

<p>Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuron carries the information from the first neuron to be communicated?

<p>Presynaptic neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the brain stem?

<p>Conveying information from the cerebrum and spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

<p>Facilitating fight or flight responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes compensation in neural recovery?

<p>Utilization of unaffected areas to take over for damaged parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'use it or lose it' signify in experience-dependent neuroplasticity?

<p>Neglecting unused skills can eventually lead to loss of brain function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes experience-expectant plasticity?

<p>Organizational changes of the CNS during developmental stages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters are primarily involved in the postganglionic pathways of the SNS?

<p>Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) function at rest?

<p>Promotes energy conservation and increases digestive processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical period in the context of neural development?

<p>The time frame during which neural wiring is particularly adaptable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'antinociception' refer to?

<p>The suppression of pain in response to normally painful stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cochlear implants affect auditory cortex development when implanted at an earlier age?

<p>They foster normal development of hearing capabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the first order neuron in the sensory pathway?

<p>Enter the spinal cord and synapse in the dorsal horn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the sensory organs and the nervous system during embryonic development?

<p>Ectoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure develops into the cerebral hemispheres during brain formation?

<p>Prosencephalon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during synaptogenesis?

<p>Extension of axons seeking synaptic targets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of axons in nerve function?

<p>Conduct signals away from the cell body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of development does the neural tube form?

<p>Embryonic stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from the failure of the anterior neural tube to close?

<p>Anencephaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic section of the somite develops into the dermis?

<p>Dermatome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells primarily increase in number immediately after the neural tube closes?

<p>Neuroblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spina bifida occurs when there is a bony defect but no protrusion of the spinal cord?

<p>Spina bifida occulta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for generating the action potential?

<p>Axon hillock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week of gestation does myelination of axons begin?

<p>Week 12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do axons group together to form in the CNS?

<p>Tracts and pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of neuroglia in the nervous system?

<p>Support neurons and metabolic functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severely affected sensation in the case of demyelination?

<p>Proprioception and vibratory sense (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from a complete transection of the spinal cord?

<p>Loss of all sensation 1-2 levels below the lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Brown-Sequard syndrome, which sensation is interrupted ipsilaterally at the level of the lesion?

<p>Pain and temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging technique uses a contrast medium to visualize blood vessels?

<p>MRA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory receptors are primarily involved in responding to tissue-damaging stimuli?

<p>Nociceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spinal cord lesion would result in loss of discriminative touch below the level of the lesion ipsilaterally?

<p>Posterior column lesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is best for detecting ischemic strokes?

<p>DTI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery primarily supply?

<p>Anterior â…” (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sensory tract is responsible for nociception, temperature, and crude touch?

<p>Spinothalamic tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sensory function is primarily assessed with an EEG?

<p>Electrical impulses of the cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor responds specifically to temperature gradients across the skin?

<p>Thermoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phasic receptors?

<p>Adapt quickly to changes in stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory information does the DCML pathway carry?

<p>Conscious proprioception and vibratory sense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What general area does the spinal cord extend from and to?

<p>From the foramen magnum to the first lumbar vertebra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of a lesion in the thalamus, what is the expected sensory loss?

<p>Contralateral decrease or loss of sensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Circle of Willis

A network of arteries supplying blood to the cerebral hemispheres.

Frontal Lobe Functions

Responsible for motor skills, planning, and personality.

Cerebellum Function

Coordinates movement, balance, and sensory input regulation.

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

Nuclei in the brainstem associated with cranial nerve functions.

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Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurons

Presynaptic sends info; postsynaptic receives it in neurons.

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Spina Bifida Prevention

Spina bifida can be prevented with adequate folic acid levels in mothers.

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Cerebral Palsy

A movement and postural disorder caused by permanent brain damage.

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Signs of Autism

Autism shows poor eye contact, decreased attention, and social interaction issues by 12 months.

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Horner’s Syndrome

Results from sympathetic innervation loss, with signs like miosis and ptosis.

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Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

A pain syndrome with vascular changes and severe pain compared to the original injury.

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Neural Plasticity

The brain's ability to change its structure and function through experience.

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Recovery vs Compensation

Recovery restores function of damaged brain areas; compensation involves unaffected areas taking over tasks.

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Experience-Expectant Plasticity

Changes in the CNS organization during development based on expected experiences.

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Critical Period

A developmental time when brain connections are especially malleable, impacting functions like vision and language.

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Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

Therapy that forces use of affected extremities by restricting unaffected ones to promote recovery.

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Use it or Lose it

A principle stating that inactive neural pathways can degrade if not regularly stimulated.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions (SNS and PSNS).

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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Part of the autonomic system that prepares the body for stress or emergency situations.

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Antinociception

The process of suppressing pain in response to potentially painful stimuli.

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Referred Pain

Pain perceived in a location different from the actual site of injury due to overlapping nerve pathways.

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Contralateral

Refers to structures or sensations on the opposite side of a given reference point.

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Demyelination

The loss or damage of myelin sheath around nerves, affecting sensation and function.

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Nerve Root Lesion

An injury at the nerve root causing sensory and motor deficits in specific patterns.

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Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A condition resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord, leading to specific sensory loss.

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Posterior Column Lesion

Affects proprioception, vibration, and two-point discrimination below the level of the lesion.

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Anterior Cord Lesion

Causes loss of pain, temperature, and crude touch below the lesion level.

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Thalamus Lesion

Results in contralateral decrease or loss of sensation from the body.

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DCML Pathway

Pathway for discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibration; involves three-order neurons.

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Spinothalamic Tract

Pathway carrying nociceptive, temperature, and crude touch sensations.

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PET Scan

Imaging test using radioactive material to show metabolic processes in the brain.

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CT Scan

Combines X-ray images to create detailed two-dimensional images of the body's internal structures.

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MRI

Imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show soft tissue structures.

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EEG

Records electrical impulses of the brain using scalp electrodes to detect brain activity.

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Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical deformation like touch and pressure.

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First Order Neuron

Neuron that carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord.

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Second Order Neuron

Neuron that crosses the midline and transmits signals to the thalamus.

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Third Order Neuron

Neuron that transmits information from the thalamus to the parietal lobe.

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Neuron Parts

Includes axon, dendrites, and soma which facilitate signal transmission.

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Axon Function

Conducting portion of a neuron that transmits information.

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Dendrite Role

Receptive part of the neuron that detects stimuli.

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Neuroglia

Supporting cells that protect and maintain neurons.

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Neurulation

Process of forming the neural tube during embryonic development.

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Somite Development

Segments of mesoderm that develop into skin, vertebrae, and muscles.

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Ectoderm

Germ layer that develops into the nervous system and skin.

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Myotome

Embryonic section of somite that develops into muscle.

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Spina Bifida

Defect resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube, affecting the spine.

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Anencephaly

Condition where anterior neural tube fails to close, leading to absence of major brain structures.

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Study Notes

Central Nervous System (CNS) Anatomy and Function

  • CNS comprises the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves 1 & 2.
  • Major regions include the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum.

Cerebral Blood Supply

  • Circle of Willis: network supplying blood to cerebral hemispheres.
    • Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA): medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes.
    • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA): internal capsule, globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, and most lateral hemispheres.
    • Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA): midbrain, occipital lobe, medial/inferior temporal lobe.

Brain Lobes and Functions

  • Frontal Lobe: motor control, executive function, planning, personality.
  • Parietal Lobe: sensation.
  • Temporal Lobe: language, hearing.
  • Occipital Lobe: vision.

Brainstem Function

  • Vital functions: cardiovascular activity, respiration.
  • Conveys information from cerebrum and spinal cord via tracts.
  • Cranial nerve nuclei housed within the brainstem.
  • Supports consciousness.

Brain Structure and Function

  • Sulci and Gyri: folds that separate areas.
    • Longitudinal fissure: separates hemispheres.
    • Central sulcus: separates precentral & postcentral gyri (frontal lobe).
    • Parieto-occipital sulcus: separates parietal & occipital lobes.

Information Transmission

  • Presynaptic neuron: transmits information.
  • Postsynaptic neuron: receives information.
  • Action potential/nerve impulse: carries signal between cells.

Cerebellum Function

  • Involved in motor and non-motor domains.
  • Motor behavior regulation: coordination, balance, modulation.
  • Sensory input: unconscious proprioception.
  • Sensory loss from injury is ipsilateral.

Compression and Lesion Effects

  • Compression can cause paresthesia.

  • Sensory loss after injury: varies based on location and tract affected.

    • Nerve root lesion: dermatomal pattern sensory loss, myotomal motor loss.
    • Complete transection: sensory loss below lesion at 1-2 levels.
    • Hemisecting lesion (Brown-Séquard syndrome):
      • Contralateral pain and temperature interruption below lesion.
      • Ipsilateral pain & temperature interruption at lesion.
      • Ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch and conscious proprioception below lesion.
    • Posterior column lesions: loss of conscious proprioception, vibration, and 2-point discrimination below lesion.
    • Anterior cord lesion: loss of pain, temperature, and crude touch below lesion.
    • Brainstem lesion: contralateral or ipsilateral signs based on location.
    • Thalamus lesion: contralateral decrease or loss of sensation.
    • Somatosensory cortex lesion: contralateral impairments of discriminative sensations.

Spinal Cord Anatomy and Blood Supply

  • Extends from foramen magnum to L1 vertebra (ends at conus medullaris).
  • Blood supply via three arteries.
    • Anterior spinal artery (anterior â…” of cord).
    • Posterior spinal arteries (posterior â…“ of cord).
  • Dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots form nerve roots.

Imaging Techniques

  • PET: assesses blood flow and O2/glucose consumption, uses radioactive material.
  • CT: 2D reconstruction from X-rays, shows bones.
  • MRI: detailed soft tissue imaging via strong magnetic fields.
  • MRA: detailed blood vessel imaging, contrast medium used.
  • BOLD MRI: measures oxygen consumption for brain function, no radioactive material.
  • DTI: measures water diffusion in axons for white matter tract imaging.
  • EEG: records cortical electrical activity, helpful for detecting seizures.

Sensory Receptors

  • Exteroreceptors: external environment.
  • Interoreceptors: internal environment.
  • Proprioceptors: joint position sense.
  • Tonic receptors: slowly adapting.
  • Phasic receptors: rapidly adapting.
  • Mechanoreceptors: mechanical deformation.
  • Thermoreceptors: temperature change.
  • Nociceptors: tissue damage.
  • Chemoreceptors: chemical constituents.

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus (DCML) Pathway

  • Discriminative tactile sensation, kinesthesia/proprioception, stereognosis.
  • Heavily myelinated.
  • Three-neuron pathway:
    • 1st order: enters dorsal column, ascends ipsilaterally to medulla.
    • 2nd order: crosses midline, ascends in contralateral dorsal column nuclei to thalamus.
    • 3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex parietal lobe.

Spinothalamic Tract

  • Anterolateral system for nociception, temperature, crude touch.
  • Lightly myelinated.
  • Three-neuron pathway:
    • 1st order: enters spinal cord, synapses in dorsal horn.
    • 2nd order: crosses midline, ascends in anterolateral system to thalamus.
    • 3rd order: thalamus to cerebral cortex parietal lobe.

Nerve Structure

  • Neurons: nerve cells that receive and transmit signals.
    • Parts: axon, dendrites, soma.
  • Neuroglia: supporting cells that protect, provide metabolic support, and transmit information.

Nerve Damage

  • Damage affects nerve function and transmission.

CNS Development

  • Zygote: fertilized egg.
  • Blastocyst: cells form layers.
  • Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks): germ layers form; ectoderm (nervous system), mesoderm (muscles/skeleton), endoderm (internal organs).
  • Neural tube: forms CNS.
  • Neurulation: formation of neural tube.
  • Somite development: forms skin, vertebrae, muscles.
  • Brain formation: primary and secondary vesicles (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)
  • Fetal stage (8 weeks - birth): development continues and myelination begins.
  • Cellular development: proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination.

Developmental Disorders

  • Anencephaly: anterior neural tube failure, skull/brain absence.
  • Spina bifida: posterior neural tube defect, varying degrees of spinal cord/meninges exposure.
  • Cerebral Palsy: brain damage affecting movement/posture.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorders: abnormal social interaction/communication, repetitive behaviors, limited interest.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): active during stress/exercise; "fight-or-flight" response; short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers; uses acetylcholine (pre) and norepinephrine/epinephrine (post).
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): active during rest; "rest-and-digest" response; long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers; uses acetylcholine (pre and post).

Pain

  • Nociceptors signal injury.
  • Spinothalamic tract mediates pain.
  • Referred pain: perceived from a different location of origin when nociceptive afferents converge on same second-order neuron.

Neuroplasticity

  • Brain's ability to change function, chemical profiles, or structure.
  • Recovery vs compensation.
  • Experience-dependent plasticity: cellular changes due to experience.
  • Experience-expectant plasticity: changes occurring during development.
  • Cellular recovery after injury

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