Central Dogma and Definitions of Life
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct sequence of the central dogma?

  • DNA -> RNA -> protein (correct)
  • protein -> DNA -> RNA
  • RNA -> DNA -> protein
  • DNA -> protein -> RNA

    • Viruses replicate solely according to the Central Dogma.

    False (B)

    What determines the 3D structure of a protein?

    Amino acid sequence

    According to the chemical Darwinian definition, life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing ________ evolution.

    <p>Darwinian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following definitions or features with their corresponding concepts:

    <p>Water = H2O Life = Self-sustained chemical system capable of evolution Protein function = Dependent on structure Central dogma = DNA -&gt; RNA -&gt; protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dilemma is mentioned regarding defining 'life'?

    <p>Overlapping definitions with non-living entities (A), Lack of a precise theoretical identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of a protein is entirely independent of its structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge faced in defining 'life'?

    <p>Robust counter-examples to proposed definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discussed the last universal common ancestor and viruses?

    <p>Patrick Forterre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a universally accepted definition of 'life'.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two essential processes that qualify something as being alive?

    <p>Growth and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Viking mission in 1976 was related to the search for _____ life forms.

    <p>new</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the researcher with their area of expertise:

    <p>Prof.Xu Peng = Prokaryotic viruses and CRISPR Dr.Giovanni Gallo = CRISPR as genome editing tools Dr.Monica Piochi = Geological features related to the origin of life Dr.Afonso Morgada Mota = Exobiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major topic discussed in the seminars selected by students?

    <p>Personal research interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metaviromics analysis is not part of the research lines.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is used to study the origin of life according to Dr.Martina Aulitto?

    <p>Top down approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Pyrolytic Release (PR) experiment primarily search for?

    <p>Evidence of photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Labeled Release (LR) experiment, heterotrophic microorganisms release radioactive carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the gas chromatograph in the Gas Exchange (GEx) experiment?

    <p>To analyze gases produced or consumed during microbial metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Labeled Release (LR) experiment, soil is mixed with a labeled nutrient medium containing __________.

    <p>radioactive organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following experiments with their primary focus:

    <p>Pyrolytic Release (PR) = Evidence of photosynthesis Labeled Release (LR) = Heterotrophic microorganisms Gas Exchange (GEx) = Metabolic byproducts of microorganisms Control Experiment = Environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is not typically analyzed in the Gas Exchange (GEx) experiment?

    <p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gas Exchange (GEx) experiment is conducted under dry conditions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiment is designed to check for metabolic activity in heterotrophic microorganisms?

    <p>Labeled Release (LR) experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evolutionary creationism integrate?

    <p>Belief in divine creation and scientific knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Special creation claims that natural processes can independently create and develop life.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory suggested that life regularly arose from non-living matter?

    <p>spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary creationism accepts the scientific age of the Earth and biological __________.

    <p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Special Creation = Life was created by divine intelligence Biblical Fundamentalism = Immutability of species since creation Evolutionary Creationism = Life initially created but then evolved Spontaneous Generation = Life arises from non-living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief asserts that species were divinely created in their current forms?

    <p>Special creation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionary creationism denies the scientific basis for biological evolution.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outside factor does special creation argue is necessary for producing life?

    <p>living intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are white smokers primarily formed from?

    <p>Barium, calcium, and silicon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Black smokers are formed from the same substances as white smokers.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature of the hot water that erupts from the vents?

    <p>350°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The water from the hydrothermal vents has a low pH, typically around ______.

    <p>2-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their corresponding features:

    <p>CH4 = Methane gas Fe(II) = Iron in reduced form Mn(II) = Manganese in reduced form H2 = Molecular hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are supported by chemotrophic bacteria in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

    <p>Tube worms and fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrothermal vents have a stable environment that does not change.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do organisms near hydrothermal vents adapt to?

    <p>Harsh and temporary environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Francesco Redi's experiment demonstrate about maggots?

    <p>Maggots only appear in uncovered jars with flies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of spontaneous generation was widely accepted until the 18th century.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted the famous swan-neck flask experiment?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of spontaneous generation, life arises from __________.

    <p>non-living things</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scientists with their contributions to the study of spontaneous generation:

    <p>Francesco Redi = Demonstrated maggots arise from flies Louis Pasteur = Conducted swan-neck flask experiment Aristotle = Posited early theories of life from non-living matter Lamarck = Described evolution as progression from simple to complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes the concept of spontaneous generation?

    <p>Simple organisms emerge from inanimate materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experiments disproving spontaneous generation were conducted only in the 20th century.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lamarck describe about the evolution of life?

    <p>Evolution as progression from simpler to more complex and advanced forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emergence of Life and Exobiology

    Objectives

    • Provide knowledge of the synergistic role of biotic and abiotic factors influencing the origin of Life on Earth.
    • Describe the state-of-the-art in experimental approaches for searching extraterrestrial life forms.

    Prerequisites

    • Knowledge of microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and chemistry.

    Teaching materials

    • The Origins and Search for Life (English Edition) by Edward Trifonov, Nick Lane, Stephen Freeland, Michael Russell
    • Biosignatures for Astrobiology, edited by Cavalazzi, Barbara, and Westall, Frances.
    • Scientific papers and reviews.
    • Slides available for download from the professor's website.

    Program

    • Definition of life.
    • Origin of life: introductory concepts, comparison of hypotheses (first metabolism, genes, vesicles).
    • Evolutionary relationships analysis
    • Extremophile viruses and the origin of life: isolation, identification of viruses and plasmids in extreme environments (metaviromics); virus-host interaction (CRISPR, manipulative genetics).
    • Role of genetic elements in horizontal gene transfer.
    • Analysis of viral genomes.
    • Identification of "core genes" within different viral genome families
    • Exobiology: concepts of biosignatures and planetary habitability; classification of biosignatures (gaseous, surface with temporal oscillations).
    • Introductory concepts of sample return (technical, temporal and procedural limitations).
    • Identification of sampling sites and methods.
    • Analysis of biological systems in extraterrestrial environments
    • Introductory concepts of synthetic life.

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    Emergence of Life and Exobiology PDF

    Description

    Explore the central dogma of molecular biology and the various definitions of life through a series of thought-provoking questions. This quiz covers topics such as protein structure, evolution, and the historical context surrounding the concept of life. Challenge your understanding of what it means to be alive and how scientific perspectives have evolved.

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