Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structure is primarily responsible for conducting impulses away from the neuron?
What structure is primarily responsible for conducting impulses away from the neuron?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of motor movement?
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of motor movement?
What type of neuron sends afferent impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord?
What type of neuron sends afferent impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with vision?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with vision?
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What is the role of the myelin sheath?
What is the role of the myelin sheath?
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Which structure provides the first level of protection for the central nervous system?
Which structure provides the first level of protection for the central nervous system?
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What structure acts as a relay center for body sensations, including pain perception?
What structure acts as a relay center for body sensations, including pain perception?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
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Which nerve is responsible for both sensory and motor functions related to the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for both sensory and motor functions related to the tongue?
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What is the function of the corpus callosum?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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Which part of the peripheral nervous system sends motor impulses to the muscles?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system sends motor impulses to the muscles?
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Which system is responsible for the body’s 'rest and digest' responses?
Which system is responsible for the body’s 'rest and digest' responses?
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What is the end portion of the spinal cord called?
What is the end portion of the spinal cord called?
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What do myotomes refer to?
What do myotomes refer to?
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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Study Notes
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of the brain and spinal cord
- Responsible for processing and coordinating information
- Divided into three main parts:
- Autonomic nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Includes all nerves outside the spinal cord
- Carries motor impulses to muscles
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves:
- Olfactory nerve: Sensory, responsible for smell.
- Optic nerve: Sensory, responsible for vision.
- Oculomotor nerve: Motor, responsible for eye muscle movement.
- Trochlear nerve: Motor, responsible for eye muscle movement.
- Trigeminal nerve: Both, responsible for sensory functions of the face and motor functions of the jaw muscles.
- Abducens nerve: Motor, responsible for eye muscle movement.
- Facial nerve: Both, responsible for sensory functions of the tongue and motor functions of the facial muscles.
- Vestibulocochlear nerve: Sensory, responsible for hearing and balance.
- Glossopharyngeal nerve: Both, responsible for sensory functions of the tongue and motor functions of the throat muscles.
- Vagus nerve: Both, responsible for motor functions of the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
- Accessory nerve: Motor, responsible for controlling the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
- Hypoglossal nerve: Motor, responsible for controlling the tongue muscles.
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
- 8 Cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral
- 1 Coccygeal
Nerve Cells
- Fundamental unit of nervous system tissue
- Types:
- Motor neurons: Carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands (efferent).
- Sensory neurons: Carry signals from the periphery to the CNS (afferent).
- Interneurons: Connect neurons within the CNS.
Neuron Structure
- Cell body: Contains most cell organelles.
- Dendrites: Receive impulses and transmit them towards the cell body.
- Axon: Conducts impulses away from the cell body.
- Terminal: Distal end of the axon, where neurotransmitters are released.
- Myelin sheath: Fatty sheath that surrounds the axon, increasing the speed of pulse conduction.
- Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath.
White Matter
- Contains myelinated fibers, found in CNS and PNS
- Major tracts in the CNS
Gray Matter
- Contains unmyelinated fibers
- Includes the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord.
- H/Butterfly shape in spinal cord
Synapse
- Space between neurons
- Site of communication between neurons
Brain Protection
- Three levels of protection:
- Skull and vertebrae
- Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
- Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrum
- Largest portion of the brain
- Responsible for mental functions: speech, learning, personality, etc.
- Divided into four lobes:
- Frontal lobe: Anterior portion, responsible for personality, rational thought, decision-making, and motor movement.
- Parietal lobe: Between the frontal and occipital lobes, controls sensory and gross sensation, touch and pressure, determines weight, size, and shape.
- Temporal lobe: Under the frontal and parietal lobe, responsible for behavior, hearing, language reception, understanding, and memory.
- Occipital lobe: Posterior portion, responsible for vision, recognition of size, shape, and color.
Other Brain Structures
- Thalamus: Relay center for body sensations, pain perception.
- Hypothalamus: Controls hormone function, behavior, and temperature regulation.
- Basal ganglia: Coordinates motor movement.
- Brain stem: Located below the cerebrum, controls heart rate and respiration.
- Midbrain: Controls visual reflexes.
- Pons: “Bridge” between the midbrain and medulla oblongata.
- Medulla oblongata: Controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.
- Cerebellum: Controls muscle coordination, tone, and posture.
- Corpus callosum: Connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Spinal Cord
- Connects the brain to the body
- 17 inches long
- Conus medullaris: End of the spinal cord, cone-shaped.
- Cauda equina: Collection of nerve roots (L2-S5).
Autonomic Nervous System
- Controls visceral structures (digestion, reproduction, cardiovascular and respiratory systems).
- Divided into two branches:
- Sympathetic: “Fight or flight” response, increases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
- Parasympathetic: Conserves energy, decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing.
Dermatomes
- Area of skin supplied by the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve.
Myotomes
- All the muscles that receive motor innervation from a specific spinal cord segment.
Plexus
- Network of nerves that branch and combine to form peripheral nerves.
- Three major plexuses:
- Cervical (C1-C4)
- Brachial (C5-T1)
- Lumbosacral (L1-S3)
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Description
This quiz explores the structure and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It covers the main components, including various types of cranial nerves and their roles. Test your knowledge on how these systems coordinate and process information in the body.
