Celtic Languages: Welsh and Irish

Study Notes

Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, symbolizes the unity of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
The Welsh national flag is not represented, which has led to discussions regarding completeness and representation.

The UK is a unitary state with a sovereign government.
It operates as a constitutional monarchy, with the Queen serving as a symbolic leader.
The UK was a member of the European Union until January 1, 2021, and has been part of the United Nations.

Total population of the UK is approximately 65 million, with England housing around 55 million.
British identity is evolving and complex, with differing opinions on what defines it.

Traditional concept of British identity often centered on WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant), exemplified by figures like Boris Johnson.
Increasing cultural diversity due to waves of immigration, notably the election of Sadiq Khan as Mayor of London.
Significant historical migrations:
- 500 BC: Celtic tribes, including Picts and Scotti, began early migrations, forming small linguistic groups.
- Post-World War II: Immigration from the former Empire and Commonwealth began, significantly influencing British culture and identity.
The arrival of the Empire Windrush on June 22, 1948, marked a key moment in post-war immigration, bringing 493 passengers from Jamaica.

Multicultural society, though not without challenges such as xenophobia and racism, particularly highlighted in pro-Brexit sentiments.

English is the official language of the UK, but other languages are also recognized.
Language activism is present among Celtic groups:
- Scotland: Scots and Scottish Gaelic are spoken; about 1 million Scots speakers exist (2020), with 57,000 fluent Scottish Gaelic speakers recorded in 2011.
- Wales: Welsh language has seen fluctuations, from 30% fluency in 1890 to 2% in 1950, but rose to 29% of the population in 2020 declaring Welsh ability.
- The Welsh Language Act of 1967 acknowledged rights to use Welsh in legal contexts.