30 Questions
What is the primary function of smooth muscle?
Involuntary body activities
What type of fibers provides strength and flexibility to connective tissue?
Collagenous Fibers
What type of cell is responsible for secreting the protein of extracellular fibers?
Fibroblasts
What type of connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place?
Loose Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
Contraction of the heart
What type of tissue is responsible for the receipt, processing, and transmission of information?
Nervous Tissue
Which of the following ectotherms exhibit postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat?
Terrestrial invertebrates
What is the process by which honeybees retain heat during cold weather?
Huddling together
What is the term for the adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature?
Thermogenesis
How can metabolic rate be determined?
Measuring the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced
What is the term for the process of harnessing light energy to build energy-rich molecules?
Autotrophy
Which of the following organisms is an example of a heterotroph?
Animal
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue in the body?
To facilitate the diffusion of materials across the body surface
What is the primary function of acclimatization in homeostasis?
To adjust to changes in the external environment
Which of the following types of tissue has a barrier function against mechanical injury and pathogen invasion?
Epithelial tissue
How do some ectotherms prevent ice formation in their cells during subzero temperatures?
By producing antifreeze compounds
What is the shape of epithelial cells that resemble floor tiles?
Squamous
What is the primary mechanism of heat loss in endothermic animals?
Evaporation
Which type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?
Fibrous connective tissue
What is the term for the two different faces of epithelial cells?
Polarity
What adaptation allows animals to vary their insulation to acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes?
Integumentary system adaptations
What is the function of adipose tissue in the body?
To store fat for insulation and energy
What is the term for the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range?
Thermoregulation
What is the term for the arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds that allows for efficient heat exchange?
Countercurrent exchange
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To transmit chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body
What is the primary mechanism by which the nervous system transmits information?
Through the transmission of information between specific locations via the axons
What is the term for the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal balance despite changes in the external environment?
Homeostasis
What is the role of a sensor in the mechanism of homeostasis?
To detect fluctuations above or below a set point
What is the term for the system that uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation?
Regulator
What is the characteristic of nerve signal transmission?
It is fast acting
Study Notes
Exploring Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
- Rate of exchange in a cell is proportional to its surface area, while the amount of exchange material is proportional to its volume.
- Different tissues have different structures suited to their functions.
Tissue Classification
- Tissues are classified into four main categories: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body.
- Acts as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.
- Shapes can be cuboidal, columnar, or squamous.
- Arrangement can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified.
Connective Tissue
- Mainly binds and supports other tissues.
- Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.
- Matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation.
- Divided into three types in the vertebrate body: Collagenous, Elastic, and Reticular Fibers.
Muscle Tissue
- Responsible for nearly all types of body movement.
- Muscle cells consist of filaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which enable muscles to contract.
- Three types: Skeletal (Striated), Smooth, and Cardiac Muscle.
Nervous Tissue
- Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information.
- Contains neurons (nerve cells) that transmit nerve impulses and glial cells (support cells).
Coordination and Control
- Response to stimuli depends on the endocrine system and the nervous system.
- Endocrine system transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.
- Nervous system transmits information between specific locations via axons.
Homeostasis
- Maintains a "steady state" or internal balance regardless of external environment.
- Mechanisms of homeostasis control changes in the internal environment.
- Balancing heat loss and gain involves four physical processes: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.
Heat Regulation in Mammals
- Acclimatization: a process by which homeostasis adjusts to changes in the external environment.
- Five adaptations help animals thermoregulate: insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, and adjusting metabolic heat production.
- Insulation: a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds.
- Circulatory adaptations: many endotherms and some ectotherms can alter the amount of blood flowing between the body core and the skin.
- Countercurrent exchange: a mechanism in which heat is transferred between fluids flowing in opposite directions, reducing heat loss.
Energy Allocation and Use
- Organisms can be classified by how they obtain chemical energy: autotrophs (harness light energy) and heterotrophs (harvest chemical energy from food).
- Metabolic rate: the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.
- Metabolic rate can be determined by an animal's heat loss, the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced, and the energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products.
Explore the relationship between cell surface area and exchange materials, and how different tissues adapt to their functions in animal tissues.
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