Cellular Respiration Quiz

Cellular Respiration

• Definition: Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• Types:
  • Aerobic Respiration: occurs in presence of oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP
  • Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in absence of oxygen, produces 2 ATP
• Stages:
  1. Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation: conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA
  3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): breakdown of Acetyl-CoA into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
  4. Electron Transport Chain: generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2

Ecosystems

• Definition: Community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
• Components:
  • Biotic Factors: living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms)
  • Abiotic Factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, soil)
• Energy Flow:
  • Producers (plants, algae): convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis
  • Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores): obtain energy by consuming other organisms
• Nutrient Cycles:
  • Water Cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation
  • Carbon Cycle: photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition
  • Nitrogen Cycle: nitrogen fixation, ammonification, denitrification

Genetics

• Definition: Study of heredity and variation in organisms
• Key Concepts:
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): molecule containing genetic information
  • Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits
  • Alleles: different forms of a gene
  • Dominant and Recessive Traits: expression of alleles
• Inheritance Patterns:
  • Mendel's Laws:
    • Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation
    • Law of Independent Assortment: genes are inherited independently
  • Punnett Squares: graphical representation of genetic crosses

Photosynthesis

• Definition: Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
• Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
• Light-Dependent Reactions:
  • Light absorption by pigments (chlorophyll, accessory pigments)
  • Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
• Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
  • CO2 fixation and reduction
  • Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

Human Body Systems

• Nervous System:
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain, spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves, sensory receptors
• Circulatory System:
  • Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
  • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Respiratory System:
  • Lungs: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles: air passage
• Digestive System:
  • Mouth: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Stomach, small intestine, large intestine: nutrient absorption and waste elimination

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces 36-38 ATP
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces 2 ATP
• The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
• Pyruvate oxidation is the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA
• The Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) is the breakdown of Acetyl-CoA into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• The electron transport chain is the generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2

Ecosystems

• An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
• The components of an ecosystem include biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living components)
• Biotic factors include plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Abiotic factors include light, temperature, water, and soil
• Energy flows through ecosystems from producers (plants, algae) to consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
• Producers convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis
• Consumers obtain energy by consuming other organisms
• Nutrient cycles include the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle
• The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
• The carbon cycle involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition
• The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, and denitrification

Genetics

• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule containing genetic information
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits
• Alleles are different forms of a gene
• Dominant and recessive traits are the expression of alleles
• Mendel's laws include the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
• The law of segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation
• The law of independent assortment states that genes are inherited independently
• Punnett squares are graphical representations of genetic crosses

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
• The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
• Light-dependent reactions involve light absorption by pigments and electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) involve CO2 fixation and reduction and regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

Human Body Systems

• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves, sensory receptors)
• The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood
• The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and diaphragm
• The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine