Cellular Respiration Quiz

Cellular Respiration

• Definition: Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• Types:
  • Aerobic Respiration: occurs in presence of oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP
  • Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in absence of oxygen, produces 2 ATP
• Stages:
  1. Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation: conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA
  3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): breakdown of Acetyl-CoA into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
  4. Electron Transport Chain: generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2

Ecosystems

• Definition: Community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
• Components:
  • Biotic Factors: living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms)
  • Abiotic Factors: non-living components (light, temperature, water, soil)
• Energy Flow:
  • Producers (plants, algae): convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis
  • Consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores): obtain energy by consuming other organisms
• Nutrient Cycles:
  • Water Cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation
  • Carbon Cycle: photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition
  • Nitrogen Cycle: nitrogen fixation, ammonification, denitrification

Genetics

• Definition: Study of heredity and variation in organisms
• Key Concepts:
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): molecule containing genetic information
  • Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits
  • Alleles: different forms of a gene
  • Dominant and Recessive Traits: expression of alleles
• Inheritance Patterns:
  • Mendel's Laws:
    • Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation
    • Law of Independent Assortment: genes are inherited independently
  • Punnett Squares: graphical representation of genetic crosses

Photosynthesis

• Definition: Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
• Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
• Light-Dependent Reactions:
  • Light absorption by pigments (chlorophyll, accessory pigments)
  • Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
• Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
  • CO2 fixation and reduction
  • Regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

Human Body Systems

• Nervous System:
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain, spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves, sensory receptors
• Circulatory System:
  • Heart: pumps blood throughout the body
  • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
• Respiratory System:
  • Lungs: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles: air passage
• Digestive System:
  • Mouth: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Stomach, small intestine, large intestine: nutrient absorption and waste elimination

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces 36-38 ATP
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces 2 ATP
• The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
• Pyruvate oxidation is the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA
• The Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) is the breakdown of Acetyl-CoA into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• The electron transport chain is the generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2

Ecosystems

• An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things interacting in an environment
• The components of an ecosystem include biotic factors (living organisms) and abiotic factors (non-living components)
• Biotic factors include plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Abiotic factors include light, temperature, water, and soil
• Energy flows through ecosystems from producers (plants, algae) to consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
• Producers convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis
• Consumers obtain energy by consuming other organisms
• Nutrient cycles include the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle
• The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
• The carbon cycle involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition
• The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, and denitrification

Genetics

• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule containing genetic information
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits
• Alleles are different forms of a gene
• Dominant and recessive traits are the expression of alleles
• Mendel's laws include the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
• The law of segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation
• The law of independent assortment states that genes are inherited independently
• Punnett squares are graphical representations of genetic crosses

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy
• The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
• Light-dependent reactions involve light absorption by pigments and electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
• Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) involve CO2 fixation and reduction and regeneration of RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

Human Body Systems

• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves, sensory receptors)
• The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood
• The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and diaphragm
• The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Test your knowledge of cellular respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.