Cellular Respiration Quiz

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy.
• The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Stages of Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
• Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules
• Products: 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Aerobic (needs oxygen)
• Products: 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Produces the largest number of ATP in cellular respiration
• Products: 10 NAD+ and 36 ATP

Fermentation

• Occurs when oxygen is not available
• Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
• Regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can occur again and produce ATP
• Two types: Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid
• Occurs in skeletal muscles
• Causes lactic acid build-up in muscles, leading to pain

Alcohol Fermentation

• Occurs in yeast and some bacteria
• Converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2
• CO2 produced during fermentation causes bread to become light and fluffy

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work together to provide the most energy for life processes.

Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
• Organic compounds are carbon-based substances that are the basis of living matter.
• Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers.

Types of Macromolecules

• There are four types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Examples of carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
• Polysaccharides are complex sugars that include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide cells with energy.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
• Functions of carbohydrates:
  • Store energy
  • Provide structural support

Lipids

• Lipids are macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers.
• Types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids and waxes.
• Lipids include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
• Fats and oils contain fatty acids and glycerol.
• The cell membrane is made up of a lipid called phospholipid.
• Functions of lipids:
  • Store energy
  • Provide barriers (as in cell membrane)

Proteins

• Proteins are made of amino acids.
• There are 20 types of amino acids used to build different proteins.
• Proteins differ in the number and order of the amino acids that make them.
• Functions of proteins:
  • Transport substances
  • Speed up reactions
  • Provide structural support
  • Make hormones

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides.
• Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
• Function of nucleic acids:
  • Store and transmit genetic information.