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Questions and Answers
What is the byproduct of cellular respiration that provides energy for organisms?
In which stage of cellular respiration does glycolysis occur?
What is the purpose of fermentation?
In which organelle does the Krebs cycle occur?
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What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in cells?
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What is the building block of proteins?
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What is the function of lipids in cells?
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
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What is the general term for large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together?
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What is the term for molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms obtain energy.
- The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
- Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules
- Products: 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Aerobic (needs oxygen)
- Products: 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Produces the largest number of ATP in cellular respiration
- Products: 10 NAD+ and 36 ATP
Fermentation
- Occurs when oxygen is not available
- Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
- Regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can occur again and produce ATP
- Two types: Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid
- Occurs in skeletal muscles
- Causes lactic acid build-up in muscles, leading to pain
Alcohol Fermentation
- Occurs in yeast and some bacteria
- Converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2
- CO2 produced during fermentation causes bread to become light and fluffy
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work together to provide the most energy for life processes.
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
- Organic compounds are carbon-based substances that are the basis of living matter.
- Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers.
Types of Macromolecules
- There are four types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Examples of carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
- Polysaccharides are complex sugars that include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
- Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide cells with energy.
- Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
- Functions of carbohydrates:
- Store energy
- Provide structural support
Lipids
- Lipids are macromolecules made of fatty acid monomers.
- Types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids and waxes.
- Lipids include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
- Fats and oils contain fatty acids and glycerol.
- The cell membrane is made up of a lipid called phospholipid.
- Functions of lipids:
- Store energy
- Provide barriers (as in cell membrane)
Proteins
- Proteins are made of amino acids.
- There are 20 types of amino acids used to build different proteins.
- Proteins differ in the number and order of the amino acids that make them.
- Functions of proteins:
- Transport substances
- Speed up reactions
- Provide structural support
- Make hormones
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides.
- Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
- Function of nucleic acids:
- Store and transmit genetic information.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular respiration, the process by which organisms generate energy. Learn about the different stages, including glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
