Cellular Respiration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called when oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

  • Aerobic respiration (correct)
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Fermentation
  • Cellular respiration

    • What is the net yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

  • 2-4 molecules of ATP
  • 30-32 molecules of ATP (correct)
  • 36-38 molecules of ATP
  • 18-24 molecules of ATP

    • Which stage of glucose oxidation does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

  • Glycolysis (correct)
  • ATP synthesis
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Electron transport chain

    • In anaerobic respiration, which of the following can serve as a final electron acceptor?

    <p>Sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the majority of ATP?

    <p>Stage 3: Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced during the electron transport chain stage?

    <p>3-5 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecules are produced during the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>NADH and FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glycolysis is true?

    <p>It generates ATP without the need for a proton-motive force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of P680 in the photosystem II reaction center?

    <p>It is the strongest biological oxidant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is theoretically required to reduce NADP+ under standard conditions?

    <p>1.14 V (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are found in the PSII reaction center?

    <p>Two chlorophyll a molecules, two accessory chlorophylls, and two quinones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment lacks a central Mg2+ ion?

    <p>Pheophytin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of light does the process of reducing NADP+ theoretically require?

    <p>Red light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent energy of 1 mole of photons at a wavelength of 680 nm in terms of redox potential?

    <p>1.8 V (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different light-absorbing reactions are involved in the process within a cell?

    <p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ions are generated from the oxidation of water by P680?

    <p>O2 and H+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 C3H4O3 + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is produced during glycolysis?

    <p>ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NAD+ play in glycolysis?

    <p>They are reduced to NADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP are produced in the glycolysis process?

    <p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the P680+ play in the oxygen-evolving process of PSII?

    <p>It acts as the oxidizing agent facilitating water splitting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of glycolysis involves the investment of energy?

    <p>Preparatory phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many photons are required to split two water molecules in the PSII process?

    <p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Mn/Ca cluster in the PSII reaction center?

    <p>To accumulate positive charges to facilitate water splitting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the glycolysis process ultimately yield from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a byproduct during the splitting of water in PSII?

    <p>Oxygen gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events during electron transfer in PSII?

    <p>Electrons are transferred from the Mn/Ca cluster to Tyr167 before reaching P680+. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, which substance is not a product formed?

    <p>FADH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stabilizes the Mn/Ca cluster in the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII?

    <p>A series of peripheral proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the stability of water is accurate?

    <p>Water is one of the most stable molecules known. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the redox potential of water that allows for its splitting in the PSII process?

    <p>+0.82 V (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Aerobic Respiration

    Respiratory process using O2 as the final electron acceptor to produce ATP.

    Anaerobic Respiration

    Respiration using an alternative electron acceptor, like sulfate or nitrate, instead of O2.

    Glucose Oxidation

    The process of breaking down glucose to release energy, producing ATP.

    Stages of Glucose Oxidation

    Four stages: Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, ATP Synthesis.

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    Glycolysis

    First stage of glucose oxidation; breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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    Electron Transport Chain

    Stage where electrons move through proteins to create a proton gradient for ATP production.

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    Substrate-level Phosphorylation

    ATP synthesis through direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group to ADP without a proton gradient.

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    Total ATP Yield

    Complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields 30-32 ATP molecules.

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    Overall Reaction of Glycolysis

    The conversion of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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    Preparatory Phase

    The initial steps of glycolysis that consume ATP to activate glucose.

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    Payoff Phase

    The final steps of glycolysis that produce ATP and NADH.

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    NAD+

    A coenzyme that accepts electrons during glycolysis, becoming NADH.

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    ATP

    A molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells.

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    Pyruvate

    The end product of glycolysis, can enter the Krebs cycle.

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    NADH

    The reduced form of NAD+, used in energy production.

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    Redox Reactions

    Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons, changing oxidation states.

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    Photon Energy

    Energy associated with a single photon, relevant for light-driven reactions.

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    NADP+ Reduction

    The process of reducing NADP+ to NADPH, crucial in photosynthesis.

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    PSII Components

    Photosystem II includes chlorophyll a, pheophytin, quinones, and non-heme iron.

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    P680

    A reaction center in PSII and the strongest known biological oxidant.

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    Electron Flow

    The movement of electrons through the PSII reaction center during photosynthesis.

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    O2 Evolution

    The process of oxygen production through water splitting in photosynthesis.

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    Chlorophyll Function

    Primary pigment in plants that absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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    Purple Bacteria

    Microorganisms using H2S and H2 as electron donors in photosynthesis.

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    Photolysis

    The splitting of water molecules to release oxygen, electrons, and protons.

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    Mn/Ca Cluster

    A metal ion cluster in PSII crucial for water splitting reaction.

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    Photons in PSII

    Light particles absorbed by PSII that drive electron transfer and water splitting.

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    Oxygen-Evolving Complex

    A protein complex in PSII that catalyzes the removal of electrons from water.

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    Electrons Transfer Process

    The stepwise transfer of electrons from the Mn/Ca cluster to P680+.

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    Thermodynamically Challenging Reaction

    The process of water splitting is one of the most energy-demanding in biology.

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    Study Notes

    Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. This process converts nutrient energy into ATP.
    • Anaerobic respiration uses a molecule other than oxygen (e.g., sulfate or nitrate) as the final electron acceptor.

    Glycolysis

    • The complete aerobic oxidation of glucose yields 30-32 ATP molecules.
    • Glucose oxidation in eukaryotes occurs in four stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and ATP synthesis.
    • Glycolysis is the first stage of glucose metabolism.
    • The overall reaction of glycolysis converts glucose, 2NAD+, 2ADP, and 2P¡ into 2 pyruvate, 2NADH, 2ATP, and 2H+.
    • Substrate-level phosphorylation is used to create ATP.

    Mitochondrial Structure

    • Mitochondria have an outer membrane and an inner membrane with cristae.
    • The matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria.
    • Cristae junctions are folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Ribosomes are present in the matrix of mitochondria.

    Production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate

    • Glucose, transported to the mitochondrial matrix, is converted to acetyl-CoA .
    • The overall reaction produces one molecule of NADH and releases one molecule of CO2.
    • The enzyme involved is pyruvate dehydrogenase.

    TCA Cycle

    • This cycle is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that produce NADH + H+, FADH2, and one GTP from each acetyl-CoA molecule.
    • This cycle converts pyruvate to CO2 and releases energy in a usable form.

    Net Results of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle

    • Summarizes the production of ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2 produced during these processes .

    Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

    • This shuttle transports reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for the generation of ATP.

    Glycerol-3-phosphate Shuttle

    • Electrons from cytosolic NADH are transferred to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, producing glycerol-3-phosphate
    • These electrons are subsequently passed on to coenzyme Q, which can be used to produce ATP.

    Activation of Free Fatty Acid

    • Free fatty acids are activated to fatty acyl-CoA before oxidation in the mitochondria.
    • This process involves the joining of a fatty acid with CoA via ATP, producing fatty acyl-CoA.

    B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids

    • Free fatty acids are oxidized to Acetyl-CoA.
    • The free fatty acid is degraded into Acetyl-CoA molecules sequentially by four steps (dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenase, thiolysis)

    Electron Transport Chain

    • This series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane carries electrons to oxygen.
    • The protein components and their prosthetic groups are described.
    • The role of coenzyme Q

    Q Cycle

    • This cycle is a mechanism in the Electron Transport Chain for transferring electrons between protein complexes.
    • The electron flow through cyt b protein complexes.

    Structure of Cytochrome Oxidase (Complex IV)

    • This complex in the electron transport chain catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water, using electrons from cytochrome c.

    Transfer of Electrons

    • The transfer of two electrons from NADH to oxygen in the electron transport chain is accompanied by the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient ultimately drives ATP synthesis.

    Changes in Redox Potential and Energy

    • Details on how electrons flow through the electron transport chain with associated changes in redox potential.
    • The energy released during the electron transport chain is used for ATP synthesis.

    Generation and Inactivation of Toxic Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

    • ROS are reactive species derived from oxygen and can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA.
    • The different forms of ROS and the enzymes that reduce ROS formation are described.

    Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

    • Proposes that the proton gradient generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane (or thylakoid membrane) during electron transport drives ATP synthesis.
    • This gradient provides the energy to power ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

    ATP Synthesis

    • Describes the mechanism of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase dependent on pH gradient.

    Rotational Catalysis Model

    • The rotation of the y subunit of ATP synthase is driven by the flow of protons across the membrane.
    • The rotation of the y subunit triggers conformational changes in the αβ subunits of F1 and drives ATP synthesis.

    Direct Evidence for Rotation of the γ Subunit

    • Describes the experiments indicating the rotaion of γ subunit within the ATP synthesis complex confirming Boyer's theory.

    Products of Photosynthesis

    • The principal products of photosynthesis are starch and sucrose.

    Light Harvesting Complexes and Photosystems

    • The components of light harvesting complexes (LHC) are highlighted.
    • Chlorophyll and its role.
    • The role of photosystems I & II (PSI & PSII)
    • The details on photoelectron transport are included.

    Cyclic Electron Flow

    • Describes the two pathways involved in cyclic electron flow (NADH dehydrogenase-like complex-dependent pathway and PGR5-PGRL1-dependent pathway).

    Photoelectron Transport

    • Photoelectrons are transported from photosystem II (PSII) to photosystem I (PSI).
    • An overview of the flow of electrons.
    • Plastocyanin which transfers to photosystem I.
    • Details of the roles of photosystems I and II in the process.

    Three-Dimensional Structure of Photosynthetic Reaction Center

    • The overall structure of the reaction center is described.
    • Different components are labeled and explained, including subunits, special pair of bacteriochlorophyll a, accessory chlorophylls, pheophytins, and quinones.

    Linear vs Non-cyclic Electron Flow

    • Non-cyclic flow - the electrons from water to NADPH or in other words a linear flow is described.
    • Cyclic electron flow - the linear electron flow continues into a cycle through PSI and back to the initial complex.

    Redox Control of the Calvin Cycle

    • How thioredoxin helps regulate the Calvin Cycle enzymes.

    CO2 Fixation and Photorespiration,

    • Discusses how CO2 is fixed, and the process of photorespiration.
    • Describes the role of rubisco in CO2 fixation and conditions for occurrence of photorespiration.

    Leaf Anatomy, C3 and C4 Plants

    • Describes the leaf anatomy in C3 and C4 plants, highlighting differences in CO2 uptake pathways.
    • Emphasizes the location of carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in the different plants (C3 & C4).

    Overview of Various Stages of Photosynthesis

    • Summary of photosynthetic pathways: light-dependent (the first step of photosynthesis) and light-independent (dark reactions - Calvin Cycle) aspects are detailed.

    P-Triose Phosphate Antiport System

    • Describes the mechanism of Pi and triose phosphate transport across the thylakoid membrane for the CO2 fixation.

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    Test your knowledge on cellular respiration with this quiz. Explore essential topics such as the role of oxygen, ATP yield, stages of glucose oxidation, and more. Perfect for students studying biology or life sciences.

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