Cellular Respiration Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis when oxygen is not present? (Note: This is the net ATP yield before the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, etc.)

4 ATP

36-38 ATP

2 ATP (correct)

0 ATP

Which of the following processes is responsible for producing lactic acid in muscle cells?

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Cellular respiration

Lactic acid fermentation (correct)

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrial matrix (correct)

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following is NOT an output of the Krebs cycle?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

To produce ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

To act as a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

Why is fermentation considered less efficient than cellular respiration?

It only generates a small amount of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the electron transport chain was unable to function?

ATP production would be significantly reduced Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced per NADH molecule in the electron transport chain?

2.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the transmembrane potential in ATP synthesis?

It provides an electrochemical gradient that drives the movement of protons through ATP synthase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the flow of protons during oxidative phosphorylation?

Protons move from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. Signup and view all the answers

Why are the ATP yields from cellular respiration often reported as a range (30-38 ATP per glucose molecule)?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for directly synthesizing ATP in the electron transport chain?

ATP Synthase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FADH2 in the electron transport chain compared to NADH?

FADH2 contributes fewer protons to the proton gradient than NADH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the electron transport chain and other stages of cellular respiration like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

The electron transport chain utilizes an electrochemical gradient to drive ATP production. Signup and view all the answers

What does FAD+ get converted into during cellular respiration?

FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes glycolysis?

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic. Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, how many ATP are produced in the output stage after accounting for the initial investment?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?

Matrix of mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

To synthesize ATP from ADP Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes substrate-level phosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate from a substrate. Signup and view all the answers

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a redox reaction in cellular respiration?

Oxygen gains electrons while glucose loses them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Is oxidized to form NADH Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur within the cell?

Along the inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

36-38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electrons after they are stripped from glucose?

They are picked up by electron carriers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria within a cell?

Using glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What does selective permeability of the cell membrane allow?

Only certain molecules to enter or leave the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to the resting membrane potential of a cell?

Physical size of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of ATP in cellular processes?

To transfer energy through the breaking of high-energy bonds Signup and view all the answers

What effect would a hypotonic solution have on a cell?

It would cause the cell to swell and potentially burst Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?

It provides a barrier between the inside of the cell and its environment Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules to release energy?

Catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of cyanide poisoning?

Difficulty breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is known to block the electron transport chain?

Oligomycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the LD50 range for cyanide in milligrams?

50 mg - 200 mg Signup and view all the answers

How does smoke inhalation relate to cyanide poisoning?

It exposes individuals to cyanide gas. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of almonds contains a lethal dose of cyanide?

Wild bitter almonds Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Level of Organization

The human body is organized in a hierarchical structure, starting with cells.
Cellular respiration and its steps.
Cell membrane structure and function, including selective permeability.
Various cellular transport mechanisms.
Effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions on cells.
Factors that contribute to resting membrane potential.

Mitochondria

Function: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell, as they use glucose to create energy in the form of ATP.
Structure:
- Outer membrane: The outer layer of the mitochondrion.
- Cristae: Folds in the inner membrane that increase surface area for cellular respiration.
- Intermembrane space: Space between the inner and outer membrane.
- Matrix: Fluid-filled area within the inner membrane that contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

Metabolism Review

Metabolism encompasses all biochemical processes within a living organism, including anabolism (building up molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules).
Anabolism is the process of building up molecules, which requires energy.
Catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules, which releases energy.

ATP Review

ATP structure: ATP is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
ATP energy release: Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
ATPase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP, releasing energy.
Phosphorylation: The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often done to restore ATP from ADP.

Two Types of Phosphorylation

Substrate Level Phosphorylation:
- A phosphate group is directly transferred from a substrate to ADP.
- Does not rely on ATP synthase.
- Takes place in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
- Occurs after the electron transport chain.
- Uses ATP synthase to produce ATP.
- Happens after the electron transport chain.

When is ATP Made in the Body?

Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, yielding energy, carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic Respiration: Does not require oxygen, producing less energy and lactic acid.

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration as a REDOX Reaction

Oxidation: Loss of electrons (in glucose).
Reduction: Gain of electrons (in oxygen to produce water).
REDOX reactions are coupled oxidation and reduction reactions.

Two Carrier Molecules

NAD+ and FAD+ are electron carriers.
They accept and transport electrons during cellular respiration, eventually delivering them to the electron transport chain.
They become reduced to NADH and FADH2 when they accept electrons.

Other Cellular Respiration Facts

Metabolic Pathway: The series of steps that break down carbohydrates during cellular respiration.
Exergonic: Cellular respiration is an exergonic process.
Catabolic: It breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones like CO2 and H2O.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate (anaerobic).
Krebs Cycle: The oxidation of acetyl CoA to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2 (aerobic).
Electron Transport Chain: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a chain of proteins, generating ATP (aerobic).

Key Points of Glycolysis

Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Type: Anaerobic process.
Start: Glucose.
End: Two molecules of pyruvate.
ATP Production: Net gain of 2 ATP.

Where does the pyruvate go after glycolysis?

If oxygen is present: Pyruvate enters the mitochondria becoming oxidized to acetyl coA
If oxygen is not present: The process becomes fermentation, producing lactic acid.

Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation (in muscles) or in alcoholic fermentation (in yeast).
Produces only 2 ATP per glucose, instead of 30 - 38.

Krebs Cycle Summary

Location: Mitochondrial matrix.
Type: Aerobic process.
Input: 2 pyruvate.
Output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 CO2 per glucose molecule.

Electron Transport Chain

Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Function: Hydrogen ions and electrons are passed along to carry energy from NADH, FADH2, into ATP synthases.
Transmembrane potential: A difference in charge across the inner membrane, created by pumping hydrogen ions.
Hydrogen ion flow: Hydrogen ions flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis (chemiosmosis).

How does H+ translate to ATP?

Four hydrogen ions are required to produce one molecule of ATP.
10 hydrogen ions from NADH equal 2.5 molecules of ATP.
6 hydrogen ions from FADH2 equal 1.5 molecules of ATP.

Cellular Respiration Summary (ATP Yield)

Total ATP Yield: ~30-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. The exact total is variable, depending on cell types and efficiency.

Helpful Videos

Videos discussing cellular respiration are referenced. (Specific videos are cited)

Genetic Mutations Affecting Protein Structure

Mutations in genes can lead to various diseases.
Example mitochondrial diseases. (Specific genetic diseases and their effects are cited).

Electron Transport Chain Poisons

Poison examples.
How poisons can block the electron transport chain and affect ATP production.

Cyanide Poisoning

Source of cyanide (smoke inhalation or other exposures).
Symptoms of cyanide poisoning (from inhalation).
Treatment for cyanide poisoning.

Almonds and Cyanide

Some almonds are known to contain cyanide.

Quick detour on Transmembrane Potential

Explanation of what transmembrane potential is.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the processes of cellular respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This quiz covers ATP yield, fermentation, and the role of oxygen in these metabolic pathways.