Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  • Transform glucose into lactate
  • Generate ethanol for energy
  • Convert glucose into pyruvate (correct)
  • Produce ATP directly via oxidative phosphorylation

    • Which of these processes directly produces ATP as a result?

  • Dehydration synthesis
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Krebs cycle (correct)
  • Link reaction

    • What role does NAD+ play during the link reaction?

  • It is reduced to form NADH (correct)
  • It is oxidized to produce ATP
  • It combines with carbon dioxide
  • It is converted to acetyl CoA

    • Which type of fermentation is characterized by the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is true?

    <p>It produces lactate which can convert back to pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main outputs of the link reaction per molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the link reaction contribute to ATP production in aerobic respiration?

    <p>It supplies NADH and acetyl CoA to subsequent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a practical application of fermentation?

    <p>Photosynthesis enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>They provide high-energy electrons for ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a proton gradient contribute to ATP synthesis?

    <p>It drives the conversion of ADP to ATP via ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ATP production in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>It stops because the electron transport chain stalls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of chemiosmosis specifically involves which of the following?

    <p>The diffusion of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is created by the reaction of oxygen with electrons and protons in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes mitochondria?

    <p>They are the energy producers for eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason NAD+ needs to be regenerated during glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>To enable glycolysis to continue producing ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of fermentation in anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ to maintain glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lactic acid fermentation in animals, what is the end product that results from the conversion of pyruvate?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes alcoholic fermentation in yeast and plants from lactic acid fermentation in animals?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, while lactic acid fermentation produces lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of fermentation uses the carbon dioxide produced to enhance food production?

    <p>Baking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of lactic acid accumulation in muscles during intense exercise?

    <p>Muscle fatigue and soreness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about fermentation and biofuel production is accurate?

    <p>Bioethanol is produced through a process that involves anaerobic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>It allows glycolysis to continue by accepting electrons from NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of coenzymes like NAD and FAD in cellular respiration?

    <p>They transport electrons and protons to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In redox reactions, what does the term 'oxidation' specifically refer to?

    <p>The loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to NAD when it is reduced during cellular respiration?

    <p>It becomes NADH by picking up electrons and protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxidative phosphorylation primarily generate ATP?

    <p>Through the creation of a proton gradient across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

    <p>It serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of pumping protons across the mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>A proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hydrogen carriers is true?

    <p>NAD and FAD transport both electrons and protons to the ETC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of reduction in redox reactions?

    <p>A molecule gains electrons or hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule combines with acetyl CoA to start the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many CO2 molecules are produced for each glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>4 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the output of hydrogen carriers per glucose during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>6 NADH and 2 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced directly by substrate-level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Krebs cycle, what happens to the acetyl group from acetyl CoA?

    <p>It combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the oxidation reactions in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Hydrogen carriers are reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary waste product generated in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle occur within the cell?

    <p>In the mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP produced during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, what happens to glucose after phosphorylation?

    <p>It is split into two triose phosphates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is reduced to form NADH during the oxidation step of glycolysis?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

    <p>2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step of glycolysis involves the splitting of hexose bisphosphate into two triose phosphates?

    <p>Lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key significance of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>It provides a quick source of ATP in the absence of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme activity is primarily involved in the phosphorylation step of glycolysis?

    <p>Kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?

    <p>It enters the citric acid cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To oxidize NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protons (H⁺) contribute to ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis?

    <p>They flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It serves as the final electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when oxygen is absent during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>The electron transport chain stalls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily created by the reaction of oxygen with electrons and protons in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the movement of protons through ATP synthase?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the electrochemical gradient created by the electron transport chain?

    <p>It powers ATP synthase to produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?

    <p>Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of fermentation in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does lactic acid fermentation differ from alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals, while alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step of the link reaction after pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>Decarboxylation of pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the products of the link reaction?

    <p>2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 per glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key molecule must be regenerated by fermentation to sustain glycolysis?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During intense exercise, what compound accumulates in muscles due to anaerobic fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of NADH produced during the link reaction?

    <p>It transports electrons to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alcoholic fermentation is true?

    <p>It converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application of fermentation contributes to leavening in baking?

    <p>Carbon dioxide produced by yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs during the decarboxylation step of the link reaction?

    <p>Release of a carbon atom as CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when the 2-carbon compound undergoes oxidation in the link reaction?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the link reaction essential for aerobic respiration?

    <p>It produces acetyl CoA needed for the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lactate produced in lactic acid fermentation when oxygen becomes available?

    <p>It can be converted back to pyruvate for aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily involved in converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP, a molecule that stores energy.
    • It involves several stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • It breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecule).
    • This process generates a small amount of ATP (net gain of 2 ATP).
    • It also produces NADH, a coenzyme that carries high-energy electrons.
    • The link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is converted into acetyl CoA.
    • This process releases carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct.
    • NAD+ is reduced to NADH in this step.
    • For each glucose molecule, two acetyl CoA molecules are produced.

    The Krebs Cycle

    • Also known as the citric acid cycle.
    • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate (a 6-carbon molecule).
    • The cycle goes through a series of reactions, ultimately regenerating oxaloacetate.
    • The cycle releases CO2, and produces NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • NADH and FADH2 (formed in earlier stages) deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).
    • Electrons move through the ETC, releasing energy that pumps H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
    • H+ ions flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP.
    • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC, combining with H+ ions to form water.

    Importance of Oxygen

    • Oxygen is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation, as it accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
    • Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur, and ATP production is severely limited.

    Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

    • Fermentation is a process that allows cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.
    • It regenerates NAD+ (needed for glycolysis to continue).
    • Different types of fermentation occur in different organisms. Examples include lactic acid fermentation in animals and alcoholic fermentation in yeast.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
    • They are responsible for cellular respiration.
    • Mitochondria have a double membrane structure: an outer membrane and an inner membrane, which is highly folded into cristae to increase surface area.
    • The inner membrane contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
    • Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from free-living prokaryotes.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the link reaction, and the Krebs cycle. Test your understanding of how glucose is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP and the role of various coenzymes. Suitable for biology students exploring metabolism.

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