Biology Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis Quiz
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Biology Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) formula?

  • RQ = O2 ÷ CO2
  • RQ = CO2 × O2
  • RQ = CO2 ÷ O2 (correct)
  • RQ = O2 - CO2

    • The RQ value for glucose during aerobic respiration is 0.5.

    False

    What does an RQ value of 1 indicate about the respiratory process?

    Equal amounts of carbon dioxide are produced and oxygen is taken in.

    During the complete breakdown of glucose, ___ molecules of oxygen are used and ___ molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.

    <p>6, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory substrates with their typical RQ values:

    <p>Carbohydrates = 1 Lipids = 0.7 Proteins = 0.8 Glucose = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during one cycle of the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Krebs Cycle only occurs once for each glucose molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is regenerated during the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Krebs Cycle is also known as __________.

    <p>circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following products with their respective quantities produced in two cycles of the Krebs Cycle:

    <p>ATP = 2 NADH = 6 FADH2 = 2 CO2 = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction leads to the release of CO2 during the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>decarboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Citrate undergoes oxidation and helps reduce NAD and FAD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis requires oxygen to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are net gained during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated using ____ molecules of ATP.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is used to collect hydrogen ions during glycolysis?

    <p>NAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to triose phosphate during glycolysis?

    <p>It loses hydrogen and forms pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glycolysis processes with their outcomes:

    <p>Phosphorylation of glucose = Triose phosphate is formed Oxidation of triose phosphate = Pyruvate and reduced NAD are produced Net ATP production = 2 ATP molecules Anaerobic conditions = Lactic acid is produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Four molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis, but only two are net gained.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the end of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>ATP and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model describes the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Chemiosmotic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protons return to the matrix through the enzyme __________.

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of oxidative phosphorylation with their roles:

    <p>NADH = Donates hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain Electron transport chain = Series of proteins transferring electrons ATP synthase = Synthesizes ATP from ADP Water = Final product formed from oxygen, protons, and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protons transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>By electron transport chain proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner mitochondrial membrane is permeable to hydrogen ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when protons move down their concentration gradient?

    <p>ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variable 'x' represent in the respirometer experiment?

    <p>Volume of oxygen consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The value of 'y' always indicates a positive change in gas volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given example, what is the calculated RQ value for the blow fly larvae?

    <p>0.72</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To calculate the volume of oxygen consumed, the formula is πr²h, where 'r' is the radius of the __________.

    <p>capillary tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following variables with their meanings:

    <p>x = Volume of oxygen consumed y = Volume of gas change considering carbon dioxide r = Radius of the capillary tube h = Distance moved by the manometer fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the experiment, what happens when the manometer fluid moves upwards?

    <p>It signifies a positive value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for calculating RQ is applicable only to insects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of removing the soda-lime from both tubes in the experiment?

    <p>To measure only the change in gas volume without interference from carbon dioxide absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Krebs Cycle

    • The Krebs Cycle is a series of reactions that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.
    • It uses acetyl CoA from the link reaction and regenerates oxaloacetate.
    • It produces reduced NAD, reduced FAD, and ATP.
    • Oxaloacetate is regenerated through redox reactions, decarboxylation, oxidation (dehydrogenation), and substrate-linked phosphorylation.
    • Decarboxylation of citrate releases two CO2 molecules as waste gas.
    • Oxidation (dehydrogenation) of citrate releases H atoms that reduce coenzymes NAD and FAD, which are later used in oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Substrate-linked phosphorylation transfers a phosphate from an intermediate to ADP, forming 1 ATP.
    • Two cycles are required per glucose molecule because two acetyl-CoA are produced.
    • Products of two cycles are:
      • Two ATP
      • Six NADH (reduced NAD)
      • Two FADH2 (reduced FAD)
      • Four CO2

    Glycolysis

    • It is the first stage of respiration.
    • It doesn't require oxygen and is therefore the first step for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
    • Glucose is only partially oxidized.
    • It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
    • It involves trapping glucose by phosphorylation and oxidizing triose phosphate.
    • It produces:
      • Two pyruvate molecules which move to the matrix of mitochondria for the link reaction.
      • Net gain of 2 ATP.
      • Two reduced NAD, which are used during oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Under anaerobic conditions, it produces lactic acid or lactate instead of pyruvate.
    • Steps of glycolysis involve:
      • Phosphorylation of glucose: Two ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate glucose, producing two molecules of triose phosphate and two ADP.
      • Oxidation of triose phosphate: Triose phosphate loses hydrogen, forming two pyruvate molecules. The hydrogen ions are collected by NAD, reducing the coenzyme to two reduced NAD or NADH. A net gain of two ATP molecules occurs.

    The Electron Transport Chain

    • It is the last stage of aerobic respiration.
    • It takes place at the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • It results in the production of many ATP molecules and the production of water from oxygen.
    • The chemiosmotic theory explains how energy is used:
      • Energy from electrons is passed through a chain of proteins in the membrane (electron transport chain).
      • This energy pumps protons (hydrogen ions) against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space.
      • Protons flow by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase into the matrix.
      • The energy of protons flowing down their concentration gradient is harnessed to phosphorylate ADP into ATP by ATP synthase.
    • Outline of oxidative phosphorylation:
      • Reduced NAD (NADH) and reduced FAD (FADH2) from the Krebs Cycle donate hydrogen atoms.
      • Hydrogen atoms split into protons (H+ ions) and electrons.
      • High-energy electrons enter the electron transport chain and release energy as they move through the chain.
      • The energy released is used to transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
      • A concentration gradient of protons is established.
      • Protons return to the matrix via ATP synthase, providing energy for ATP synthesis.
      • Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with protons and electrons to form water.
    • The electron transport chain is made up of a series of membrane proteins/electron carriers.
      • They are positioned close together to allow electrons to pass from carrier to carrier.
      • They pump protons across the membrane to establish the concentration gradient.

    Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

    • The RQ is the ratio of carbon dioxide molecules produced to oxygen molecules taken in during respiration.
    • Formula: RQ = CO2 ÷ O2.
    • Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have different RQ values due to the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds in each molecule:
      • More carbon-hydrogen bonds mean more hydrogen atoms for proton gradient formation, leading to more ATP production and higher oxygen requirement.
    • When glucose is aerobically respired, equal amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen are produced, resulting in an RQ value of 1.
    • RQ can be calculated using a respirometer, which measures the volume of oxygen consumed (x) and the change in gas volume (y) after removing soda-lime.
    • Equation for calculating RQ values: RQ = (x + y) ÷ x.

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