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Questions and Answers
What is the total number of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose, including all stages of cellular respiration?
Which process generates ATP as H+ ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix?
Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
How many ATP are produced from each molecule of NADH during the electron transport chain?
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What happens to NADH during the electron transport chain?
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What does catabolism refer to in the context of metabolism?
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Which of the following correctly describes the overall equation for cellular respiration?
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What is the primary purpose of ATP in cellular processes?
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During glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP produced per glucose molecule?
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What occurs during the 'Pre-Krebs' or Pyruvate Oxidation step?
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Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is accurate?
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What is the function of carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs cycle?
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What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Key process in metabolism
- Breaks down molecules for energy (catabolism)
- Uses energy from glucose to make ATP
- Releases energy in glucose's chemical bonds making it accessible to cells
- Glucose has more energy per molecule than needed
- ATP is a more convenient energy source with smaller amounts of energy per molecule
Big Picture
- Cellular respiration consists of three major processes: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Begins breaking down glucose
- Breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules
- Net yield: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Pre-Krebs - Pyruvate Oxidation
- Molecules move into mitochondria
- Preps pyruvate for the next step
- 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) enter mitochondria
- 2 NADH enter mitochondria (uses 2 ATP)
- Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- Net yield: -2 ATP, 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Stores energy from glucose in carrier molecules
- Produces NADH and FADH2
- Molecules are regenerated and re-enter the cycle
- Net yield: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 4 CO2
- By the end of the Krebs cycle, glucose is completely broken down, all carbons are released as CO2 and all hydrogens are on carriers
Electron Transport Chain
- Occurs in mitochondria
- NADH in the matrix enters the first protein complex
- NADH releases electrons (and H+) becoming NAD+
- Electrons are passed from one protein complex to another, losing energy with each step
- Energy lost is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
- Electrons combine with 2H+ and 1/2 O2 to form water
- H+ buildup creates a concentration gradient in the intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis
- H+ flows back into the matrix through ATP synthase
- Energy from the H+ flow turns ADP back into ATP
- Each NADH produces 3 ATP
- Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP (starts farther along the chain, at lower energy)
- Electron transport and chemiosmosis produce 34 ATP (10 NADH x 3 ATP + 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP)
- Final overall tally is 36 ATP for each glucose molecule
- Oxygen is required for this process due to its high electronegativity
Photosynthesis Equation:
- CO2 + H2O -> glucose + O2
Cellular Respiration Equation:
- glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
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Description
Explore the essential processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how glucose is broken down to generate ATP, providing energy for cellular activities. This quiz covers the biochemical pathways that are crucial for metabolism.
