Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

  • 4 ATP
  • 0 ATP
  • 2 ATP (correct)
  • 6 ATP

    • Which of the following is the end product of glycolysis?

  • Acetyl-CoA
  • Pyruvate (correct)
  • Lactate
  • Glucose

    • What molecules carry electrons to the electron transport chain?

  • ATP and ADP
  • FADH2 and ADP
  • NADH and FADH2 (correct)
  • NADH and ATP

    • If oxygen is not available, what process does pyruvate undergo in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

    <p>To harvest energy from organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phosphorylation process generates ATP during glycolysis?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of cellular respiration is glucose initially broken down?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound acts as an electron carrier in the process of cellular respiration?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to NADH during the Electron Transport Chain?

    <p>It donates electrons and is oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is produced during glycolysis that is essential for fermentation?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is not produced during lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does dough rise when yeast ferments?

    <p>Release of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation results in the production of ethanol?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does lactic acid play in the flavor of yogurt?

    <p>It gives a sour taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lactic acid fermentation rely on during prolonged intense activity?

    <p>Glucose availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of lactic acid accumulation in muscles?

    <p>Soreness and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary product of alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To produce electron carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Inner membrane of mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of cellular respiration produces NADH and FADH2?

    <p>Citric acid cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of electron transfer along the electron transport chain?

    <p>Transport of H+ ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain first?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concentration gradient of H+ ions across the membrane enable?

    <p>ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the electron transport chain in prokaryotes?

    <p>It is located on the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It synthesizes ATP from ADP as H+ ions pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules can be produced from one pair of high-energy electrons in the electron transport chain?

    <p>3 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oxygen molecules at the end of the electron transport chain?

    <p>They are used to form water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy available in glucose is converted into ATP during cellular respiration?

    <p>39%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when oxygen is absent following glycolysis?

    <p>Fermentation takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a result of fermentation?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is NADH recycled back during fermentation?

    <p>By transferring its electrons to pyruvate derivatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason our bodies feel warmer after exercise?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when H+ ions pass through ATP synthase?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules can be produced on average from each pair of high-energy electrons during the electron transport chain?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the remaining 61% of energy from glucose in cellular respiration?

    <p>Released as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain?

    <p>To act as the final electron acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs if oxygen is not available following glycolysis?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the energy available in glucose is converted to ATP during cellular respiration?

    <p>39%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate product of the ATP synthase rotation driven by H+ ions?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is the process cells use to harvest energy from food.
    • The equation for cellular respiration is: 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.
    • The goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of cells.

    Three Phases of Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose, produces two molecules of pyruvate, and yields a net gain of two ATP.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): occurs in the mitochondria, generates electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, and produces some ATP.
    • Electron Transport Chain: uses electron carriers to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, which is used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis starts with the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing two molecules of pyruvate.
    • During this process, some hydrogen atoms and electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH.
    • NADH is then used as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • The citric acid cycle is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • It starts with pyruvate being converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the cycle.
    • This cycle produces electron carriers NADH and FADH2, and some ATP.

    Electron Transport Chain

    • The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of the mitochondria.
    • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the ETC, which releases energy and pumps protons across the membrane.
    • This creates a concentration gradient of protons, which drives ATP synthesis as they flow back through ATP synthase.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • This is the process where the proton gradient established by the ETC is used to generate ATP.
    • Protons move back through ATP synthase, causing it to rotate and produce ATP from ADP.
    • This is the primary way ATP is made during cellular respiration.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
    • It uses glycolysis to produce some ATP but lacks the electron transport chain.
    • This results in the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH, which allows glycolysis to continue.

    Types of Fermentation

    • Alcoholic fermentation: produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts, often used by yeast during bread making.
    • Lactic acid fermentation: produces lactic acid as a byproduct, used by muscle cells during intense exercise.

    Important Notes

    • Cellular respiration produces around 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
    • The remaining energy not captured as ATP is released as heat.
    • For pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle, oxygen is required. If oxygen is not present, the cell will undergo fermentation.
    • Lactic acid build-up is a common cause of muscle soreness during strenuous exercise.

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    Related Documents

    Cell Respiration 2 - PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts of cellular respiration, including its three phases: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Understand how cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency vital for cellular functions. Test your knowledge of the processes and equations that underpin energy production in living organisms.

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