Cellular Respiration Overview
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What is the primary function of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  • To produce oxygen as a byproduct for other cellular processes.
  • To convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water.
  • To break down glucose into pyruvate and generate ATP and NADH. (correct)
  • To synthesize glucose from pyruvate.

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes the location of glycolysis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • It occurs in the mitochondria.
  • It occurs in the cytoplasm. (correct)
  • It takes place in the nucleus.
  • It takes place on the endoplasmic reticulum.

    • How many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during glycolysis?

  • 2 ATP molecules (correct)
  • 3 ATP molecules
  • 1 ATP molecule
  • 4 ATP molecules

    • What is the role of ATP in the energy-requiring phase of glycolysis?

    <p>ATP is converted to ADP to provide phosphate groups to glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of NADH molecules resulting from the breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis?

    <p>2 NADH molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the six-carbon sugar formed after the first step of glycolysis with the enzyme hexokinase?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of glycolysis?

    <p>It is an anaerobic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules initially donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and $FADH_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process directly utilizes the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electron transport chain, what happens to the energy of electrons as they pass from one molecule to another?

    <p>It is used to pump protons across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the mitochondrial outer membrane?

    <p>It has large pores that allow the passage of ions and molecules, even small proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when electrons are passed down the transport chain?

    <p>Redox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined process of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis called?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner mitochondrial membrane is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>It is folded into cristae which allows for a larger surface area for cellular metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA occur?

    <p>In the mitochondrial matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transport chain, what is it converted to?

    <p>$NAD^+$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a direct outcome of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>The breakdown of acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the final electron acceptor from the electron transport chain that happens in the inner membrane?

    <p>Water ($H_2O$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many net ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules are produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA?

    <p>$CO_2$, NADH and $H^+$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mitochondrial cristae?

    <p>To increase the surface area for cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

    <p>Aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycolysis, how many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during the energy-releasing phase?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the enzyme isomerase in glycolysis?

    <p>To convert a 3 carbon molecule into a different 3 carbon molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dehydration reaction catalyzed by enolase in glycolysis results in the formation of which molecule?

    <p>Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of glycolysis is NADH produced?

    <p>Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis?

    <p>To speed up or slow down glycolysis in response to the cell's needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the final product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the substrate-level phosphorylation in the last step of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP produced directly during the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many NADH molecules are produced from a single molecule of glucose during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular respiration can proceed anaerobically?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main end products of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate, ATP, NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for carrying hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total theoretical maximum yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose undergoing complete cellular respiration based on the information provided?

    <p>30-32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location does the citric acid cycle occur?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of FADH2 are directly produced from one molecule of glucose during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pyruvate in fermentation?

    <p>To act as an electron acceptor, recycling NAD+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules can act as terminal electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Sulfate, nitrate, or sulfur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lactic acid fermentation, what molecule is produced from pyruvate?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration?

    <p>The terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration have a lower reduction potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is denitrification?

    <p>A process that uses nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is linked to the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Sulfate reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary electron donor and acceptor for acetogenesis?

    <p>Hydrogen (H2) as donor and carbon dioxide (CO2) as acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of anaerobic respiration on ATP production compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration produces significantly less ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a process that releases energy from food molecules (glucose).
    • The equation for cellular respiration is: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
    • Cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria, which are often called the cell's power plants.

    Obtaining Energy from Food

    • Autotrophs, such as plants, produce their own food through photosynthesis.
    • Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for food.
    • Cellular respiration provides energy to organisms.

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration.
    • Mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells.
    • They are essential for extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
    • The mitochondria have two membranes:
      • The outer membrane is selectively permeable and surrounds the mitochondria.
      • The inner membrane has folds called cristae, increasing the surface area for cellular metabolism.

    Three Major Stages of Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm; glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
    • Pyruvate Oxidation: Converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA; produces CO2 and NADH.
    • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl-CoA is completely broken down into CO2, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
    • Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. This process results in a significant amount of ATP.
    • Note: The theoretical yield of ATP from one glucose molecule can vary slightly depending on how the electrons from NADH are transported into the mitochondria, but the most common values are between 30-38 ATP molecules.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is a process that occurs when oxygen is unavailable.
    • It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
    • Two types of fermentation are:
      • Alcohol fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2. Used in alcoholic beverage production.
      • Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. Important in muscle cells during vigorous activity, and used in the production of dairy products.

    Role of Oxygen in Respiration

    • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
    • This process produces water and a large amount of ATP.
    • Without oxygen, aerobic cellular respiration cannot occur.

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration provides a large amount of ATP, whereas anaerobic respiration produces less.
    • Aerobic respiration is more efficient, whereas anaerobic respiration is faster.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cellular respiration, including the process of energy extraction from food molecules such as glucose. Learn about the role of mitochondria in this vital energy-producing process and differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Perfect for students studying biology.

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