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Questions and Answers
What molecule is formed from the oxidation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
What molecule is formed from the oxidation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate?
What is produced during the last step of glycolysis?
What is produced during the last step of glycolysis?
What does acetyl CoA bind with to initiate the Krebs cycle?
What does acetyl CoA bind with to initiate the Krebs cycle?
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Which molecule is formed from isocitrate during the Krebs cycle?
Which molecule is formed from isocitrate during the Krebs cycle?
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Which intermediate in the Krebs cycle is an isomer of citrate?
Which intermediate in the Krebs cycle is an isomer of citrate?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA?
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How many NADH molecules are produced during one turn of the Krebs cycle?
How many NADH molecules are produced during one turn of the Krebs cycle?
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What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?
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In which step of glycolysis is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate produced?
In which step of glycolysis is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate produced?
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What is produced during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?
What is produced during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?
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Which compound is a direct product of the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
Which compound is a direct product of the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis?
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How is ATP generated in the glycolysis pathway?
How is ATP generated in the glycolysis pathway?
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Which step in glycolysis involves the transformation of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer?
Which step in glycolysis involves the transformation of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer?
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What effect does the presence of oxygen have on glycolysis?
What effect does the presence of oxygen have on glycolysis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic pathways that release energy stored in glucose.
- The overall reaction is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 25ATP (or glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP)
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose). Cellular respiration then extracts that energy.
Glycolysis
- Also known as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Anaerobic process (doesn't require oxygen)
- Breaks down one glucose molecule (6C) into two pyruvate molecules (3C)
- Produces ATP and NADH
Glycolysis Steps
- Step 1: Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
- Step 2: Isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.
- Step 3: Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate using ATP.
- Step 4: Aldolase cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon isomers: dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- Step 5: Isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, producing NADH and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
- Step 7: Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
- Step 8: Phosphoglyceromutase converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate.
- Step 9: Enolase removes water from 2-phosphoglycerate, producing phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
- Step 10: Pyruvate kinase transfers a phosphate from PEP to ADP, forming ATP and pyruvate.
Fate of Glycolysis Products
- Pyruvate, NADH, and ATP from glycolysis are used in the next stages of aerobic respiration (Krebs Cycle).
- Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle, TCA Cycle)
- Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
- It combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
- The cycle releases CO2, produces NADH, FADH2, and GTP (which is converted to ATP)
- Cycle regenerates oxaloacetate to continue.
- Key steps are listed below, with specific enzymes/products mentioned.
Krebs Cycle Steps:
- Step 1: Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate
- Step 2: Citrate → isocitrate
- Step 3: Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate, releasing CO2, and producing NADH; catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase (rate-limiting).
- Step 4: α-ketoglutarate → succinyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH
- Step 5: Succinyl CoA → succinate, producing GTP (converted to ATP)
- Step 6: Succinate → fumarate, producing FADH2
- Step 7: Fumarate → malate
- Step 8: Malate → oxaloacetate, producing NADH
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of cellular respiration, focusing on the overall metabolic pathways and the specific steps of glycolysis. Learn about how glucose is broken down to release energy and the important role glycolysis plays in this process. Test your knowledge on the key reactions and enzymes involved!
