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Cellular Respiration Overview
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Cellular Respiration Overview

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@PrettyAnaphora

Questions and Answers

What step describes how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration?

Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body.

What happens after food is broken down in the digestive system?

It is transported to cells via the circulatory system.

What processes occur to fuel molecules in cellular respiration?

Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).

How is ATP produced in cellular respiration?

<p>ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

<p>glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

<p>glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

<p>mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes glycolysis?

<p>This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

<p>This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

<p>This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, how many NADH enter the electron transport chain?

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

<p>oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

<p>NADH and FADH2...intermembrane space</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

<p>kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

<p>acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

<p>substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

<p>acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the end of glycolysis, what do the original carbons of the glucose molecule form?

<p>two molecules of pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is:

<p>synthesized only within mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of aerobic respiration is oxygen used?

<p>electron transport system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

<p>To use energy from the passing of electrons in electron carriers into a high concentration of hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells convert the energy stored in the bonds of glucose into energy stored in the bonds of ATP?

<p>Glucose is not a usable energy source for most enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.

<p>lactate and NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.

<p>pyruvate...NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, then pyruvate:

<p>is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemiosmosis in mitochondria directly results in the synthesis of:

<p>ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

<p>glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

You want to lose weight. Which of the following combinations would likely work best?

<p>Eat nuts and whole wheat bread, and sleep for 7-8 hours per night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to this study, which of the following would be best to avoid if you want to lose weight?

<p>French fries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true?

<p>Physical activity had less impact on weight than foods eaten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to this study, which of the following is true?

<p>If a person quits smoking, they are likely to gain weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does watching television have on weight?

<p>As television watching increases, weight also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For bacteria to continue growing rapidly when they shift from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must:

<p>increase the rate of glycolysis-based reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is common to both C3 photosynthesis and the process of glycolysis?

<p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

<p>substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

<p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The step in aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose is:

<p>chemiosmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where have the carbon atoms originally present in glucose gone after the Krebs cycle has been completed?

<p>Two were lost in acetyl CoA formation and four were lost in the Krebs cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a proper description of the path of hydrogen ions during the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

<p>Hydrogen ions from the matrix are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reactants are always necessary to make NADH during the energy extraction reactions?

<p>NAD+, two electrons, and H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner membrane of the mitochondria can be compared functionally to the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast because both contain a system for:

<p>electron transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is respiration a better method than fermentation for extracting energy from glucose?

<p>Respiration extracts energy from pyruvate that is wasted in fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The insecticide rotenone inhibits one of the steps of the electron transport system in mitochondria. What is a likely immediate result?

<p>The rate of fermentation will increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

As a bicyclist pedals up a hill to the finish line of a race and 'feels the burn' in his leg muscles, those muscle cells are most likely utilizing:

<p>some lactate fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • Eating food provides essential fuel and building blocks for the body.
  • Food molecules are transported to cells through the circulatory system after digestion.
  • Fuel molecules undergo further breakdown in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).

Steps of Cellular Respiration

  • ATP Production: ATP is produced utilizing the electron transport chain.
  • Energy Extraction Sequence: Correct order for energy extraction from glucose is glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain.

Cellular Respiration Equations and Processes

  • General Equation: Cellular respiration can be represented as C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy.
  • Glycolysis: This process occurs in the cytosol and splits glucose, producing 2 ATP per glucose.
  • Citric Acid Cycle: Takes place in the mitochondria, producing ATP and CO2.

Enzymatic Processes

  • Electron Transport Chain Function: Uses energy from electrons to generate most ATP during respiration.
  • Energy and NADH: For each glucose molecule entering glycolysis, 10 NADH molecules enter the electron transport chain.

ATP Production Mechanisms

  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Most ATP produced in cellular respiration occurs through this process.
  • Energy for Oxidative Phosphorylation: Derived from the kinetic energy of hydrogen ions diffusing down their concentration gradient.

Mitochondrial Processes

  • Acetyl CoA Formation: Occurs in mitochondria along with the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.
  • Hydrogen Ion Movement: During electron transport, hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.

Glycolysis Specifics

  • NADH Production: Glycolysis produces 2 NADH per glucose.
  • ATP Generation: ATP is generated in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATPs.

Effects of Behavior on Weight

  • Healthy Weight Loss: Eating healthy foods like nuts and whole wheat bread while maintaining quality sleep promotes weight loss.
  • Impact of Activities: Physical activity has less impact on weight compared to dietary choices.
  • Avoidance for Weight Loss: French fries should be avoided to lose weight.

Fermentation and Anaerobic Processes

  • Byproducts of Fermentation: In muscle cells, fermentation leads to the production of lactate and NAD+.
  • Glycolysis in Anaerobic Conditions: Bacteria increase glycolysis rates when shifting from aerobic to anaerobic environments.

Comparisons and Conversions

  • Comparison of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Respiration is more efficient in extracting energy than fermentation as it utilizes pyruvate energy that fermentation overlooks.
  • Common Processes: Glycolysis is a shared process between fermentation and cellular respiration.

Nutritional Insights

  • Effects of Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking may lead to weight gain.
  • Television Watching Impact: Increased television watching correlates with weight gain.

Importance of Molecules

  • Reactants for NADH Production: Requires NAD+, two electrons, and H+ ions.
  • Carbon Loss During Respiration: Carbon atoms from glucose are lost in various stages of processing through respiration.

Summary of Processes and Functions

  • Chemiosmosis: Directly results in ATP synthesis in mitochondria.
  • Energy Production: Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP during the chemiosmotic stage.

These notes encapsulate the essentials of cellular respiration, the importance of glycolysis, the roles of various processes, and insights into nutrition and behavior related to weight management.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. You'll explore how food molecules are transformed into ATP and the overall chemical equations governing these processes.

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