Cellular Respiration in Harvesting Chemical Energy

Cellular Respiration: the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Three stages:
1. Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): converts pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation: uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate most of the ATP
Types of Cellular Respiration:
- Aerobic Respiration: occurs in the presence of oxygen, produces a net gain of 36-38 ATP
- Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in the absence of oxygen, produces a net gain of 2 ATP

Biology: the study of life and living organisms
Levels of Organization:
- Molecules: basic building blocks of life (e.g. DNA, proteins, carbohydrates)
- Organelles: specialized structures within cells (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes)
- Cells: basic units of life
- Tissues: groups of similar cells
- Organs: structures composed of multiple tissues
- Organ Systems: groups of organs working together
- Organism: an individual living thing
Biological Molecules:
- Carbohydrates: provide energy and structure (e.g. sugars, starches)
- Proteins: perform various functions (e.g. enzymes, hormones, structural proteins)
- Lipids: provide energy and structure (e.g. fats, oils)
- Nucleic Acids: contain genetic information (e.g. DNA, RNA)

Cell Division: the process by which a cell becomes two daughter cells
Types of Cell Division:
- Mitosis: results in two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell
- Meiosis: results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Stages of Mitosis:
1. Interphase: cell grows and prepares for cell division
2. Prophase: chromatin condenses, and the nuclear envelope breaks down
3. Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
4. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
5. Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil
6. Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The process involves three stages: Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) converts pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Oxidative Phosphorylation uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate most of the ATP
There are two types of cellular respiration: Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces a net gain of 36-38 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a net gain of 2 ATP

Biology is the study of life and living organisms
The levels of organization in biology are: Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organism
Molecules are the basic building blocks of life, including DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates
Organelles are specialized structures within cells, such as mitochondria and ribosomes
Cells are the basic units of life
Tissues are groups of similar cells
Organs are structures composed of multiple tissues
Organ Systems are groups of organs working together
Organism is an individual living thing
Biological molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates provide energy and structure, such as sugars and starches
Proteins perform various functions, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural proteins
Lipids provide energy and structure, such as fats and oils
Nucleic acids contain genetic information, such as DNA and RNA

Cell division is the process by which a cell becomes two daughter cells
There are two types of cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis results in two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell
Meiosis results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
The stages of Mitosis are: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
During Interphase, the cell grows and prepares for cell division
During Prophase, chromatin condenses, and the nuclear envelope breaks down
During Metaphase, chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
During Anaphase, sister chromatids separate
During Telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil
During Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose to fuel their activities

Involves three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
Breaks down glucose (C6H12O6) to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADH, and FADH2
ATP is the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular activities

Occurs in the mitochondria
Electron transport chain uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Proton gradient drives the production of ATP through chemiosmosis
Net gain of 32-34 ATP