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Questions and Answers
What is a calorie?
What is a calorie?
- A unit of measurement for distance
- The amount of heat produced by food during digestion
- The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius (correct)
- The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree Celsius
What is glycolysis?
What is glycolysis?
The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid.
What is cellular respiration?
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
What is NAD+?
What is NAD+?
What is NADH?
What is NADH?
What is fermentation?
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is said to be ___ because it does not require oxygen.
Fermentation is said to be ___ because it does not require oxygen.
Pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ is known as ___ fermentation.
Pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ is known as ___ fermentation.
Pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+ is known as ___ ___ fermentation.
Pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+ is known as ___ ___ fermentation.
The final steps of cellular respiration are ___.
The final steps of cellular respiration are ___.
What is the Krebs cycle?
What is the Krebs cycle?
What compound is formed when Coenzyme A joins a 2-carbon molecule?
What compound is formed when Coenzyme A joins a 2-carbon molecule?
What compound is formed when acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound?
What compound is formed when acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon compound?
What is FAD?
What is FAD?
What is FADH2?
What is FADH2?
What does the electron transport chain do?
What does the electron transport chain do?
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place?
Where do the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain take place?
What is pyruvic acid?
What is pyruvic acid?
Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?
Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?
In the Krebs cycle, where is pyruvic acid broken down into carbon dioxide?
In the Krebs cycle, where is pyruvic acid broken down into carbon dioxide?
What cell structure is the site for the electron transport chain?
What cell structure is the site for the electron transport chain?
What substance do the carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What substance do the carrier proteins transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What high-energy molecules are formed by the electron transport chain?
What high-energy molecules are formed by the electron transport chain?
What atom accepts the hydrogen ion at the end of the electron transport chain?
What atom accepts the hydrogen ion at the end of the electron transport chain?
What molecule is formed as a product of oxygen accepting the hydrogen ion?
What molecule is formed as a product of oxygen accepting the hydrogen ion?
In cells, the energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called?
In cells, the energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called?
The first step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is known as?
The first step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is known as?
What is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen?
What is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen?
The net gain of energy from glycolysis is?
The net gain of energy from glycolysis is?
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
What does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
What does the electron transport chain use the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
A total of 36 molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of?
A total of 36 molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of?
During heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in?
During heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in?
In glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into?
In glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into?
The first set of reactions in cellular respiration is?
The first set of reactions in cellular respiration is?
In the Krebs cycle, what is pyruvic acid broken down into?
In the Krebs cycle, what is pyruvic acid broken down into?
What is the most important product of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the most important product of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is?
In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is?
The energy that is released during cellular respiration is stored as?
The energy that is released during cellular respiration is stored as?
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Study Notes
Key Terms in Cellular Respiration
- Calorie: Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules.
- Cellular Respiration: Energy release process by breaking down glucose and other molecules in the presence of oxygen.
Electron Carriers
- NAD+: Electron carrier accepting high-energy electrons, similar to NADP+ in photosynthesis.
- NADH: Formed from NAD+, carries electrons to other molecules; produced during glycolysis.
- FAD: Another electron carrier, transforms into FADH2.
Energy Production Processes
- Fermentation: Energy release process without oxygen, producing ATP.
- Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen, applicable to fermentation.
- Aerobic: Requires oxygen for the final steps of cellular respiration.
Types of Fermentation
- Alcoholic Fermentation: Converts pyruvic acid and NADH into alcohol, CO2, and NAD+.
- Lactic Acid Fermentation: Process in muscle cells that converts pyruvic acid and NADH into lactic acid and NAD+.
Krebs Cycle
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide through various energy-extracting reactions.
- Acetyl-CoA: Formed when Coenzyme A combines with a 2-carbon molecule.
- Citric Acid: The first compound formed in the Krebs cycle, created by the combination of acetyl-CoA and a 4-carbon compound.
- Mitochondrial Matrix: Location where pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide during the Krebs cycle.
Electron Transport Chain
- Electron Transport Chain: Uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
- Inner Mitochondrial Membrane: Site for the electron transport chain.
- Hydrogen Ions (H+): Transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carrier proteins.
- Oxygen: Final electron acceptor, leading to the formation of water as a byproduct.
ATP Production
- Net Gain from Glycolysis: 2 ATP molecules produced.
- Total ATP from Cellular Respiration: 36 ATP molecules generated from 1 glucose molecule.
- ATP: The primary energy-rich compound produced in cells.
Summary Points on Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis is the initial step, taking place in the cytoplasm, breaking glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
- Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria, where pyruvic acid is further processed.
- The electron transport chain is the final stage, producing most ATP when high-energy electrons are used.
- Lactic acid buildup during intense exercise leads to oxygen debt in muscle cells.
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