Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary product of cellular respiration in mitochondria?

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Glucose
  • ATP (correct)

    • Which stage of respiration involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate?

  • Fermentation
  • Citric acid cycle
  • Glycolysis (correct)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation

    • What is released during the citric acid cycle?

  • ATP
  • Glucose
  • Carbon dioxide (correct)
  • NADH

    • Which of the following statements is true about aerobic respiration?

    <p>It requires oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows Elysia chlorotica to photosynthesize?

    <p>Kleptoplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation per glucose molecule?

    <p>26-28 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of autotroph uses light energy for growth?

    <p>Photo-autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source that autotrophs use to convert CO2 into organic carbon?

    <p>Light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups includes organisms that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs?

    <p>Parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a component of a chloroplast?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do heterotrophs depend on for their energy and carbon supply?

    <p>Organic compounds produced by other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Van Helmont's experiment regarding plant biomass?

    <p>Water was the primary source of biomass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chloroplasts can be found in a single mesophyll cell?

    <p>Up to 40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of autotrophs in the ecosystem?

    <p>Producing organic carbon using inorganic carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of respiration in both autotrophs and heterotrophs?

    <p>Oxidizing organic carbon to create CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does kleptoplasty entail?

    <p>Absorbing chloroplasts from consumed algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chlorophyll located on thylakoid membranes?

    <p>Conversion of light energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for organisms that produce their own food using photosynthesis?

    <p>Autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between autotrophs and the ecosystem?

    <p>They serve as the primary producers in the food chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a feature of chloroplasts?

    <p>They have thylakoids stacked into grana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is fundamentally impacted by autotrophs transforming inorganic carbon into organic carbon?

    <p>The carbon cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the H+ gradient in ATP synthesis?

    <p>It drives the synthesis of ATP through ATP-synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly lists the products of non-cyclic electron flow?

    <p>NADPH, ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of the Calvin cycle primarily focused on?

    <p>Carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is combined to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>C5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process drives photo-phosphorylation during the light reactions?

    <p>Movement of protons across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Calvin cycle, which molecules provide the energy necessary for sugar production?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the phosphorylation and reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>C3 sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Calvin cycle considered an important process for living organisms?

    <p>It provides a mechanism for sugar production without extreme conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the C4 cycle in C4 plants?

    <p>To fix CO2 before it enters the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation do C4 plants employ to maintain CO2 concentrations?

    <p>Gathering CO2 in bundle sheath cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for binding CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 metabolism?

    <p>Phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of C4 metabolism compared to C3 metabolism?

    <p>It has a higher energy cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions are most C4 plants typically found?

    <p>Hot and dry environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>To capture light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the two-step process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Energy capture followed by sugar formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the redox process in light reactions involve?

    <p>The transfer of electrons from water to an acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the temperature of crops an important factor in understanding photosynthesis efficiency?

    <p>Temperature correlates with the activity of enzymes involved in photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Photosystem II and Photosystem I in photosynthesis?

    <p>To facilitate the non-cyclic electron flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is primarily produced as a reducing energy source during non-cyclic electron flow?

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of light energy interaction occurs when chlorophyll returns to its ground state?

    <p>It releases energy as heat or fluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

    <p>It incorporates CO2 into sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the 'father of the soft-drink' due to his invention related to gases in liquids?

    <p>Joseph Priestley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis Overview

    • Photosynthesis is a process that affects the entire planet.
    • It involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
    • The process uses carbon dioxide and water, and produces oxygen and carbohydrates.

    Photosynthesis Details (Campbell and Reece)

    • Edition 7, 8, and 9 of Campbell and Reece's work contains information on photosynthesis, within Chapter 10.
    • Chapter 10 includes an overview, and details on specific concepts (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4) excluding specific sections on 'cyclic electron flow', and 'photorespiration'.
    • Chapter 9 also contains an overview, concentrating on the stages of cellular respiration within concept 9.1.

    Photosynthesis and the Biosphere

    • Photosynthesis significantly affects the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

    The Pyramid of Life

    • The pyramid of life illustrates the flow of energy from the base (photosynthesizing organisms) to the top (carnivores).
    • Photosynthesizing organisms capture energy from photons of sunlight, and energy flows up through herbivores, and carnivores.

    Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

    • Autotrophs: Utilize inorganic carbon (e.g., CO2), and require an outside energy source to produce organic compounds (e.g., sugars).
      • Plants, algae, and prokaryotes are autotrophs.
    • Heterotrophs: Need an organic supply of carbon (e.g., sugars), and depend on dead or living biological material to obtain energy.
      • Consumers such as herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers are heterotrophs. Plants can sometimes be heterotrophs (for e.g. broomrape).
    • Autotrophs and heterotrophs both oxidise organic carbon to produce CO2 via respiration.

    The Carbon Cycle

    • The carbon cycle demonstrates the movement of carbon throughout the environment (atmosphere, land plants, soil, ocean)
    • Relevant factors include combustion, destruction of vegetation, photosynthesis, respiration, and decay of organic matter.
    • Relevant quantities of carbon are in billion tonnes.

    Leaf Structure

    • Leaves have multiple parts, including the upper and lower epidermis, cuticle, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, guard cells, xylem, phloem, and stoma.
    • Chlorophyll located in mesophyll (parenchyma) cells.
    • Mesophyll cells contain up to 40 chloroplasts in each cell.
    • Chlorophyll contributes to the leaves' green colour.

    Chloroplast Structure

    • Chloroplasts possess an outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, and thylakoids that are stacked in structures called grana.

    Endosymbiosis Theory

    • The endosymbiosis theory explains how chloroplasts evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes.
    • Unicellular photosynthetic algal cells were absorbed by a heterotrophic host cell, and became incorporated into the host cell's digestive system.

    Chloroplast Components

    • Chloroplasts possess a double membrane, chloroplast DNA (ctDNA), thylakoid membranes.
    • Thylakoids are stacked in grana; stroma, and chlorophyll is located on thylakoid membranes.
    • Internal lumen is a compartment inside thylakoid membranes.

    Historical Discoveries

    • Jan Baptista van Helmont (early 1600s): investigated the source of plant biomass, questioning whether soil was a primary source.
    • Joseph Priestley (1733-1804): studied air, bad air, and dephlogisticated air (oxygen).

    Chlorophyll and Light

    • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy; absorbing a photon.
    • Excited electrons subsequently fall back to ground state, releasing energy as heat or fluorescence.
    • Photons excite chlorophyll and trigger various reactions.

    Photosynthesis: A Two-Step Process

    • Light reactions: Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
    • Dark reactions (Calvin cycle): Incorporate CO2 into sugars using energy from light reactions.

    Light Reactions (Detail)

    • Light reactions are a redox process, involving the transfer of electrons from a donor (water) to an acceptor molecule with a lower redox potential, driven by energy absorbed from light photons.
    • The process involves two photosystems (PSII and PSI) operating sequentially (in order).

    Light Reactions (Product 1)

    • NADPH: a form of reducing energy (energy plus electrons)
    • NADPH is essential for later steps.

    Light Reactions (Product 2)

    • ATP: a form of chemical energy for cellular processes.
    • ATP is essential for later steps in the Calvin Cycle.

    Water Splitting

    • Water splitting is integral to light reactions.
    • 2 H₂O is converted into 4 H⁺ + O₂ + 4 e⁻

    Acidification of the Lumen

    • H+ ions accumulate within the thylakoid space, creating a gradient used to produce ATP.
    • This process is driven by the generation of a H+ ion gradient between the thylakoid space and the stroma.

    ATP Synthesis

    • Energy stored in the H⁺ gradient is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP, through a process known as chemiosmosis.
    • Chemiosmosis involves protons moving through a selectively permeable membrane, from high to low concentration.
    • Such movement creates energy used in phosphorylation.

    End-products of Non-cyclic Electron Flow

    • NADPH: a reducing agent for dark reactions
    • ATP: energy in a usable form for dark reactions

    Calvin Cycle Phase 1 (Carbon Fixation)

    • CO2 is linked to Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP).
    • The enzyme RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco) plays a key role in this step, combining the two, while forming an unstable 6-carbon molecule, which immediately splits into two molecules of 3-Phosphoglycerate.

    Calvin Cycle Phase 2 (Reduction/Phosphorylation)

    • 3-Phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated using ATP.
    • Then, 3-Phosphoglycerate is reduced using NADPH to produce Glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate.

    Calvin Cycle Phase 3 (Regeneration)

    • 5 out of 6 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), the carbon acceptor.
    • The regeneration process converts 5 molecules of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 3 molecules of Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
    • This allows the cycle to continue, incorporating more CO2.

    C4 Metabolism

    • Adaptations that increase leaf CO2 concentrations without increasing transpiration.
    • Gather all available CO2 into a small group of cells, a Calvin cycle prefaced with C4-cycle.
    • CO2 is initially fixed to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is converted to a four carbon compound.

    C4 Mechanism

    • The 4-carbon compound is transported to bundle sheath cells.
    • There, it releases CO₂ to be incorporated into the Calvin cycle.
    • C3 compounds return to the mesophyll cells to start the cycle again.

    C4 Function Linked to Structure

    • In C4 plants, bundle sheath cells are responsible for fixing carbon dioxide via the Calvin Cycle.
    • The rest of the mesophyll cells collect CO₂, and carry it over as a 4-carbon compound to bundle sheath cells.

    C4 Operation

    • Some key enzymatic steps that enable C4 metabolism include the binding of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), formation of a four-carbon compound (C4), transportation of that compound to bundle sheath cells, CO2 release in bundle sheath cells, and returning C3 molecules back to mesophyll cells to start the Calvin Cycle.

    C4 Advantages

    • They operate at very low CO2 levels (high affinity for CO2).
    • They have a large catchment area for CO2.
    • Thus, they work as a concentrating mechanism.

    C4 Plants and Climate Issues

    • C4 plants are well-adapted to hot and dry environments, and may play an important role in adapting plants under climate change.

    Mitochondrial Respiration

    • The process of aerobic respiration converts chemical energy in complex molecules (such as sugars, for example) into ATP.

    Differences from Photosynthesis

    Mitochondrial respiration is distinct from photosynthesis. Respiration involves obtaining chemical energy from complex molecules like sugars to create ATP, and is a shared process between animals and plants.

    Three Stages of Respiration

    • Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Breakdown of pyruvate to CO2.
    • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Use of electron transport chain to oxidize NADH and FADH2 via electron transport, generating a high concentration gradient and ultimately ATP production.

    Other Points

    • Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration, distinct from the aerobic version in that occurs outside mitochondria and is less efficient in producing ATP.

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    Photosynthesis Lecture Notes - Bl1004 2024-25 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular respiration and photosynthesis with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the stages of respiration, the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs, and the processes that provide energy for life. Ideal for students studying biology or related sciences.

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