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What is the fate of pyruvic acid in anaerobic metabolism?
What is the fate of pyruvic acid in anaerobic metabolism?
What is the condition required for fat to generate ATP?
What is the condition required for fat to generate ATP?
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
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What is the function of ATP in the body?
What is the function of ATP in the body?
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What type of protein helps fight off invading pathogens?
What type of protein helps fight off invading pathogens?
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What is the storage form of glucose?
What is the storage form of glucose?
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What is the role of liver cells in fat metabolism?
What is the role of liver cells in fat metabolism?
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What is the component of blood that is used by other cells?
What is the component of blood that is used by other cells?
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What is the smallest functional unit of life?
What is the smallest functional unit of life?
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What is the term for the condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many internal regulatory processes?
What is the term for the condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many internal regulatory processes?
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What is the primary function of an organ system?
What is the primary function of an organ system?
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What is the result of the body's inability to maintain homeostasis?
What is the result of the body's inability to maintain homeostasis?
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What is the term for the structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information to the control center?
What is the term for the structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information to the control center?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
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What is the term for the mechanism that shuts down the response in a positive feedback system?
What is the term for the mechanism that shuts down the response in a positive feedback system?
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What are the primary functions of osseous tissue?
What are the primary functions of osseous tissue?
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What happens to the body's ability to maintain homeostasis as we age?
What happens to the body's ability to maintain homeostasis as we age?
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What is the significance of the plasma membrane being selectively permeable?
What is the significance of the plasma membrane being selectively permeable?
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What is the term for the adjustment of an organism to its environment?
What is the term for the adjustment of an organism to its environment?
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What is the result of a disruption in homeostasis?
What is the result of a disruption in homeostasis?
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What is the consequence of moderate disruption to homeostasis?
What is the consequence of moderate disruption to homeostasis?
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Which type of gland secretes its products directly into the bloodstream?
Which type of gland secretes its products directly into the bloodstream?
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What is the role of membrane proteins in the plasma membrane?
What is the role of membrane proteins in the plasma membrane?
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What is the term for the system that sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained?
What is the term for the system that sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained?
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What is the term for the group of organs that work together to perform specific functions?
What is the term for the group of organs that work together to perform specific functions?
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What is the main function of tight junctions in cells?
What is the main function of tight junctions in cells?
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What type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cells with cilia?
What type of epithelial tissue is characterized by a single layer of cells with cilia?
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What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
What is the function of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
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What is the term for the structure that receives commands from the control center and produces the response to a given stimulus?
What is the term for the structure that receives commands from the control center and produces the response to a given stimulus?
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What is the term for the type of feedback system that reverses changes in the internal environment?
What is the term for the type of feedback system that reverses changes in the internal environment?
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What type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers and cells?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers and cells?
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What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
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What is the function of adipocytes in connective tissue?
What is the function of adipocytes in connective tissue?
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What is the main function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is the main function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
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What is the main function of connective tissue?
What is the main function of connective tissue?
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Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of elastin fibers?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of elastin fibers?
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What type of connective tissue is characterized by a high elastin content and is found in lung tissue and arteries?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a high elastin content and is found in lung tissue and arteries?
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What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?
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What is the fluid component of blood that surrounds cells?
What is the fluid component of blood that surrounds cells?
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Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis?
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis?
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What type of tissue is composed of specialized cells that use ATP to generate force?
What type of tissue is composed of specialized cells that use ATP to generate force?
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Study Notes
Anaerobic Metabolism
- Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid instead of entering mitochondria, which quickly turns into lactate.
- Lactic acid/lactate diffuses from the cell into the bloodstream to be used by other cells.
Fat Metabolism
- Fat generates ATP only aerobically, requiring the presence of oxygen.
- Lipolysis is the process of breaking down stored fat into glycerol and fatty acids for ATP production.
- ATP yield is dependent on fat size, e.g., palmitic acid can yield 129 ATP.
- Ketone bodies are produced by liver cells (hepatocytes) and utilized by the heart, nervous system, and kidneys for ATP production.
Protein Metabolism
- Proteins are degraded into amino acids for ATP production, which is slower and creates waste.
- Only small quantities of proteins/amino acids are utilized for ATP generation.
Key Cellular Substances
- Nutrients are essential for body structure and functions.
- Oxygen (O2) is necessary for cellular functioning.
Inorganic Compounds
- Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon, examples include water, salts, acids, and bases.
Water
- Constitutes approximately 65% of body weight and is involved in nearly all biochemical reactions.
Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Inorganic acids, bases, and salts dissociate into ions in water.
- Acids yield hydrogen ions (H+) while bases yield hydroxide ions (OH-); salts dissociate into ions not involving H+ or OH-.
pH Scale
- pH ranges from 0-14, with 7.0 being neutral; higher values indicate alkalinity while lower values indicate acidity.
- The human body can only tolerate narrow pH changes.
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds, containing carbon, include ATP, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Proteins
- Composed of amino acids with various functions:
- Structural, regulatory (hormones), contractile (muscle contraction), catalytic (biochemical reactions), transport (substance transport), immunological (defense).
Lipids
- Include fats necessary for multiple body functions; triglycerides store excess calories.
Carbohydrates
- Serve mainly as energy substrates with examples including glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starches.
- Glycogen is the stored form of glucose.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA acts as genetic material controlling cell activities; RNA transmits genetic instructions for protein synthesis.
Cell and Tissue
- The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
- Tissue comprises groups of similar cells performing similar functions, categorized into epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis allows the body to maintain balance in its internal environment through regulatory processes.
- Homeostatic disruptions can lead to mild symptoms, disease states, or severe complications including death.
Feedback Systems
- Feedback loops monitor and regulate internal conditions:
- Controlled conditions are monitored.
- Stimuli cause changes in conditions.
- Sensors detect changes and relay information to the control center.
Components of Feedback Systems
- Includes sensors/receptors, transmission pathways, control centers, and effectors, each responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
Types of Feedback Systems
- Negative feedback loops reverse changes in the internal environment while positive feedback loops enhance changes.
Connective Tissue (CT)
- Composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) that includes protein fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and ground substance (fluid or gel-like).
- Functions include protection, support, binding, transportation, energy storage, and immunity.
Types of Connective Tissue
- Five main types: Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular), Dense (regular, irregular, elastic), Bone, Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), Liquid (blood, lymph).
Muscle Tissue
- Specialized for force generation and utilizes ATP.
- Three types include skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart).
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; functions as barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective layers.
- Avascular but richly supplied with nerves; supported by a basement membrane.
- Classified by layering (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) and shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
Glandular Epithelium
- Comprised of cells that secrete products; classified into exocrine (ducts) and endocrine (into circulation) glands.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cellular respiration and fat metabolism, including anaerobic and aerobic processes, the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, and the breakdown of stored fat to generate ATP. Learn how cells produce energy and how different molecules are involved in these processes.
