Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of signals play a crucial role in directing proteins to their correct cellular destinations?
What type of signals play a crucial role in directing proteins to their correct cellular destinations?
- Sorting signal (correct)
- Ubiquitilation
- Hydroxylation
- Apoptotic signals
Choose all the correct answers that specific to phase G2
Choose all the correct answers that specific to phase G2
- G phase stands for gap phase (correct)
- Start/restriction point (R) is located in this phase
- The relative amount of DNA is the smallest here
- The relative amount of DNA is greatest here (correct)
- DNA replication occurs in this phase
What does happen with the indigestible substances uptake by endocytosis or phagocytosis?
What does happen with the indigestible substances uptake by endocytosis or phagocytosis?
- They become lipofuscin granules that are secreted by the cell
- Protein-containing residues forms lipofuscin (correct)
- Inorganic (e.g. carbon/soot) indigestible particles can induce tissue regeneration
- Vesicles contain indigestible materials from apoptotic bodies
- They are stored in lipid droplets
Which process is not characterized by chromatin condensation?
Which process is not characterized by chromatin condensation?
N-glycosylation use -NXS groups of following amino acid:
N-glycosylation use -NXS groups of following amino acid:
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis: Mitotic spindle begins to form
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
Cleavage furrow formation
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
Cleavage furrow formation
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis:
Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
Match the process with the corresponding phase of mitosis: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
What can be the advantage at a blue filter before the condense lens in a light microscope?
What can be the advantage at a blue filter before the condense lens in a light microscope?
Which is NOT true for the confocal microscope?
Which is NOT true for the confocal microscope?
Which statement is NOT TRUE for mitochondria?
Which statement is NOT TRUE for mitochondria?
O-glycosylation use -OH groups of following amino acids:
O-glycosylation use -OH groups of following amino acids:
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is:
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is:
Which enzyme is capable of neutralizing hydrogene-peroxide?
Which enzyme is capable of neutralizing hydrogene-peroxide?
Which of the following pairs is mismatch?
Which of the following pairs is mismatch?
Which of the followings is the characteristic protein of the desmosome?
Which of the followings is the characteristic protein of the desmosome?
List minimum 4 characteristics of the undifferentiated ES cells:
List minimum 4 characteristics of the undifferentiated ES cells:
What is the purpose of adding trypsin to cell culture in an experiment?
What is the purpose of adding trypsin to cell culture in an experiment?
What organelle/structure is involved in secretion of exosomes?
What organelle/structure is involved in secretion of exosomes?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of G- proteins?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of G- proteins?
Which of the following is a major difference between transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
Which of the following is a major difference between transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?
Which statement about intermediate filaments is incorrect?
Which statement about intermediate filaments is incorrect?
Indirect immunocytochemistry's most important advantage is the...
Indirect immunocytochemistry's most important advantage is the...
The average thickness of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is...
The average thickness of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is...
Who is credited with discovering and developing iPS technology?
Who is credited with discovering and developing iPS technology?
What is the typical location of microfilaments?
What is the typical location of microfilaments?
SNARE proteins have a fundamental role in (blank 1 ..........). The two main SNARE categories are the v-SNARE that are located on the (blank 2 ..........) and the t-SNARE that are located on the target membrane. The recognition of appropriate membrane surface is also mediated by SNARE-pairs. A SNARE can make connections with each other via their (blank 3 ........) domains. This interactions (blank 4 .......) calcium-ions. The bacterial toxin botulinum affects the SNARE proteins in neuron cells, thus paralysis is directly caused by prevention of (blank 5 ......) in the neuron-muscle synapses.
SNARE proteins have a fundamental role in (blank 1 ..........). The two main SNARE categories are the v-SNARE that are located on the (blank 2 ..........) and the t-SNARE that are located on the target membrane. The recognition of appropriate membrane surface is also mediated by SNARE-pairs. A SNARE can make connections with each other via their (blank 3 ........) domains. This interactions (blank 4 .......) calcium-ions. The bacterial toxin botulinum affects the SNARE proteins in neuron cells, thus paralysis is directly caused by prevention of (blank 5 ......) in the neuron-muscle synapses.
The motor protein interacting with actin microfilaments is:
The motor protein interacting with actin microfilaments is:
Which of the following is the primary function of fermentation?
Which of the following is the primary function of fermentation?
Condensing plays a critical role in the formation of metaphase chromosomes
Condensing plays a critical role in the formation of metaphase chromosomes
Give at least 5 cell morphological changes induced by the pro-apoptotic factors
Give at least 5 cell morphological changes induced by the pro-apoptotic factors
Which proposition is correct regarding the caspases?
Which proposition is correct regarding the caspases?
Which is not a role of protein glycosylation?
Which is not a role of protein glycosylation?
What happens during the interphase?
What happens during the interphase?
Which part of mouse IgG molecule will be use to immunize a goat in order to gain anti-mouse antibodies as second antibodies?
Which part of mouse IgG molecule will be use to immunize a goat in order to gain anti-mouse antibodies as second antibodies?
Which is not true for desmosome?
Which is not true for desmosome?
Which is NOT true for extracellular vesicles?
Which is NOT true for extracellular vesicles?
Which of the following best approximates the diameter of a typical human cell?
Which of the following best approximates the diameter of a typical human cell?
How does the G-protein return to its inactive state?
How does the G-protein return to its inactive state?
The motor protein interacting with actin microfilaments is:
The motor protein interacting with actin microfilaments is:
Which of the following is the primary function of fermentation?
Which of the following is the primary function of fermentation?
What is the role of telomerase?
What is the role of telomerase?
Which of the following is a typical component of SER?
Which of the following is a typical component of SER?
A cell membrane is said to be a bilayer. What forms the two layers?
A cell membrane is said to be a bilayer. What forms the two layers?
Which of the following is NOT a plasma membrane receptor?
Which of the following is NOT a plasma membrane receptor?
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for desmosomes?
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for desmosomes?
Which of the following statements regarding a nucleosome is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding a nucleosome is correct?
Match each process with the corresponding phase(s) of mitosis. Some processes may correspond to more than one phase
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes = ........
- Nuclear envelope disintegrates = ..............
- Cleavage furrow formation = ..............
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart = ...............
- Chromosomes align at the cell's equator = .............
- Mitotic spindle begins to form = ...............
Match each process with the corresponding phase(s) of mitosis. Some processes may correspond to more than one phase
- Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes = ........
- Nuclear envelope disintegrates = ..............
- Cleavage furrow formation = ..............
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart = ...............
- Chromosomes align at the cell's equator = .............
- Mitotic spindle begins to form = ...............
Which is NOT true for the confocal microscope?
Which is NOT true for the confocal microscope?
Origin of engulfment of a prokaryotic cell:
Origin of engulfment of a prokaryotic cell:
Which is true about LDL?
Which is true about LDL?
Oligosaccharides are pooled in the rER via this component of the ER membrane:
Oligosaccharides are pooled in the rER via this component of the ER membrane:
What is the cis face of the Golgi heavily involved in?
What is the cis face of the Golgi heavily involved in?
Which type of the microscopes are used in routine laboratories for live cell inspection?
Which type of the microscopes are used in routine laboratories for live cell inspection?
How many times can a cell divide in a finite cell line culture?
How many times can a cell divide in a finite cell line culture?
The spot desmosome.....
The spot desmosome.....
Actin-membrane links are required for membrane links. EXCEPT:
Actin-membrane links are required for membrane links. EXCEPT:
G0 phase:
G0 phase:
Which microscope is suitable for the evolution of immunogold stained pancreas sections
Which microscope is suitable for the evolution of immunogold stained pancreas sections
What second messenger can be generated during the activation of protein G?
What second messenger can be generated during the activation of protein G?
Motorprotein interacting with microtubules in cilia:
Motorprotein interacting with microtubules in cilia:
Characteristic components of lipid rafts are:
Characteristic components of lipid rafts are:
Which organelle is involved in apoptosis?
Which organelle is involved in apoptosis?
What is common in microfilaments, microtubules and intermediary filament?
What is common in microfilaments, microtubules and intermediary filament?
What kind of molecular modification can result in a euchromatin nucleus in a liver cell?
What kind of molecular modification can result in a euchromatin nucleus in a liver cell?
What is a defining secretory feature of senescent cells?
What is a defining secretory feature of senescent cells?
Localization of M-6-P phosphorylation is:
Localization of M-6-P phosphorylation is:
What is NOT a function of the extracellular vesicles?
What is NOT a function of the extracellular vesicles?
Human mitochondrial DNA encodes for..........
Human mitochondrial DNA encodes for..........
What is pluripotent stem cells?
What is pluripotent stem cells?
It as all a function of the rER EXCEPT:
It as all a function of the rER EXCEPT:
In scanning electron microscopy (SEM), what type of signal is primarily detected to produce the final image?
In scanning electron microscopy (SEM), what type of signal is primarily detected to produce the final image?
Choose the correct pairing:
Choose the correct pairing:
Which of the following cell organelles actively participates in animal cell apoptosis?
Which of the following cell organelles actively participates in animal cell apoptosis?
What is a disadvantage of adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells?
What is a disadvantage of adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells?
What organelle/ structure is involved in secretion of exosomes?
What organelle/ structure is involved in secretion of exosomes?
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for desmosome?
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for desmosome?
Motorprotein interacting with microtubules in cilia:
Motorprotein interacting with microtubules in cilia:
Multiple choice question:
Choose all the correct answers that specific to the M phase:
Multiple choice question: Choose all the correct answers that specific to the M phase:
Which type of signals direct the proteins to their appropriate cellular destinations?
Which type of signals direct the proteins to their appropriate cellular destinations?
Active genes are probably located in euchromatic regions of DNA
Active genes are probably located in euchromatic regions of DNA
Transport of water by facilitated diffusion requires:
Transport of water by facilitated diffusion requires:
Which of the following antibodies can we isolate from the serum of a rabbit immunized with anti-insulin mouse antibodies?
Which of the following antibodies can we isolate from the serum of a rabbit immunized with anti-insulin mouse antibodies?
How many centrioles are there in a cell in G2 phase?
How many centrioles are there in a cell in G2 phase?
Which of the following antibodies can we isolate from the serum of a rabbit immunized with anti-insulin mouse antibodies?
Which of the following antibodies can we isolate from the serum of a rabbit immunized with anti-insulin mouse antibodies?
Role og gamma tubulin is:
Role og gamma tubulin is:
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is:
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is:
What is the purpose of uncoupling proteins in mammalian brown adipose tissue (baby fat)?
What is the purpose of uncoupling proteins in mammalian brown adipose tissue (baby fat)?
Who is credited with discovering and developing iPS technology?
Who is credited with discovering and developing iPS technology?
Indirect immunocytochemistry's most important advantage is the...
Indirect immunocytochemistry's most important advantage is the...
The average thickness of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is...
The average thickness of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is...
Which process is not characterized by chromatin condensation?
Which process is not characterized by chromatin condensation?
What does it happen with the indigestible substances uptake by endocytosis or phagocytosis?
What does it happen with the indigestible substances uptake by endocytosis or phagocytosis?
N-glycosylation use -NXS groups of following amino acids:
N-glycosylation use -NXS groups of following amino acids:
List minimum 4 characteristics of the undifferentiated ES cells
List minimum 4 characteristics of the undifferentiated ES cells
O-glycosylation use -OH groups of following amino acids:
O-glycosylation use -OH groups of following amino acids:
Which statement is NOT TRUE for mitochondria?
Which statement is NOT TRUE for mitochondria?
Which of the following piece(s) of equipment is (are) required to count cells in cell culture?
- Timer
- Hemocytometer
- Microscope
- Incubator
Which of the following piece(s) of equipment is (are) required to count cells in cell culture?
- Timer
- Hemocytometer
- Microscope
- Incubator
Wich cytoskeletal component plays a crucial role in cytokinesis?
Wich cytoskeletal component plays a crucial role in cytokinesis?
Which of the following is an active cell death process?
- Apoptosis
- Necrosis
- Necropoptosis
- Lysis
Which of the following is an active cell death process?
- Apoptosis
- Necrosis
- Necropoptosis
- Lysis
Which cytological staining is suitable to detect the sER?
Which cytological staining is suitable to detect the sER?
What is NOT common in mitochondria and peroxisome?
What is NOT common in mitochondria and peroxisome?
By inhibiting one of the listed molecules we could reduce the release the Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. This is the......
By inhibiting one of the listed molecules we could reduce the release the Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. This is the......
The following cells are able to secrete ECM proteins:
The following cells are able to secrete ECM proteins:
The NSL signal:
The NSL signal:
Which one is NOT the component of the eukaryotic cell membrane?
Which one is NOT the component of the eukaryotic cell membrane?
In which of the cell compartment is an endocytosed ligand separated from its receptor, generally?
In which of the cell compartment is an endocytosed ligand separated from its receptor, generally?
Which of the following is NOT a charcteristic of receptor mediated endocytosis?
Which of the following is NOT a charcteristic of receptor mediated endocytosis?
Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, but life did not show until around....
Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, but life did not show until around....
Is this statement correct? Please briefly explain your answer!
"The pars amorpha in the nucleolus contains high amount of rDNA"
Is this statement correct? Please briefly explain your answer! "The pars amorpha in the nucleolus contains high amount of rDNA"
Which cell organelles are involved in detoxification?
Which cell organelles are involved in detoxification?
List 5 different cell-to-cell junctions found between epithelial cells. Give their major function in key words! Itemized answers are acceptable!
List 5 different cell-to-cell junctions found between epithelial cells. Give their major function in key words! Itemized answers are acceptable!
Write three examples of why stem cells researches are so important
Write three examples of why stem cells researches are so important
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Study Notes
Sorting Signals
- Sorting signals are specific amino acid sequences within a protein that direct the protein to its correct cellular location.
- These signals act as addresses, guiding the protein to its target compartment or organelle within the cell.
- Sorting signals can be located at the amino or carboxyl terminus of the protein or internally within the polypeptide chain.
- Different types of sorting signals direct proteins to different destinations, reflecting the complexity of intracellular trafficking pathways.
- They mediate the process of protein targeting, enabling cellular organization and function.
Ubiquitination
- Ubiquitination is a protein modification that marks proteins for degradation.
- It involves the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, a small protein, to target proteins.
- Ubiquitination tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome, a large protein complex that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.
- This process plays a critical role in protein homeostasis and regulating various cellular pathways.
- Unlike sorting signals that direct proteins to specific destinations, ubiquitination signals are associated with targeted destruction rather than transport.
Degradation Signals
- Degradation signals are specific sequences or structures within a protein that mark it for destruction.
- These signals often involve amino acid motifs or post-translational modifications that target the protein for proteolytic degradation.
- These signals are distinct from sorting signals, which direct the protein to a specific compartment.
- Different cellular processes like quality control, cellular response to stress, and receptor recycling utilize degradation signals.
- Degradation signals are crucial for maintaining a controlled cellular environment due to their role in eliminating damaged or unwanted proteins.
Apoptotic Signals
- Apoptotic signals regulate programmed cell death, a naturally occurring process essential for development and homeostasis.
- The signals can trigger a cascade of events leading to the dismantling and removal of the cell.
- These signals are unrelated to directing proteins to their correct cellular locations or targeting them for degradation.
- Unlike sorting or degradation signals, they lead to the entire cell's demise.
- In summary, they initiate a distinct cellular response, unlike the other signals listed.
Hydroxylation
- Hydroxylation is a post-translational modification where a hydroxyl group is added to an amino acid residue in a protein.
- This modification can influence protein stability, activity, and interactions with other molecules.
- While specific hydroxylation signals can be involved in targeting certain proteins, their primary function is not directed transport or degradation.
- Hydroxylation often plays a role in protein stability, or function, but not in transport or direct targeting as sorting signals do.
- Hydroxylation modifications are crucial in orchestrating intricate molecular mechanisms within the cell.
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of sorting signals in proteins and the process of ubiquitination. Participants will learn how specific amino acid sequences direct proteins to their cellular destinations and the role of ubiquitination in protein degradation. Test your knowledge on these vital cellular processes.
