Cellular Processes: ATP, Photosynthesis & Transport
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Questions and Answers

What process is likely occurring if you measure a high and gradually increasing concentration of a polar molecule inside a cell, while the ATP concentration inside the cell is dropping?

active transport

Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:

  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
  • All of the above (correct)

The phosphate groups in ATP:

  • store energy.
  • are negatively charged.
  • are linked through the sugar molecule.
  • All of the above are correct. (correct)

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what is removed?

<p>One phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?

<p>carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does a pigment appear if it reflects all wavelengths of visible light?

<p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

The object depicted in the figure is an animal cell.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A plant whose leaves are reddish-yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum?

<p>red and yellow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A green plant can carry out photosynthesis if given nothing more than:

<p>water, light, and air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do active transport processes usually require?

<p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. What is the most likely symptom of this disease?

<p>extreme muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pieces of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria is INCORRECT?

<p>Mitochondria can survive and reproduce independently when removed from the host cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every time energy is converted from one form to another, all of the energy is usefully converted.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define diffusion.

<p>net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sugar and CO2 are dissolved in water to make carbonated soft drinks. Which of the following is the solute?

<p>the sugar and the CO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates as:

<p>oxygen atoms contained in water molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a cell's interior considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid?

<p>the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure enables a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings?

<p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of H+ into the stomach is accomplished through what?

<p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a vase falls to the floor, what happens to the energy in the system?

<p>The potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net movement of molecules from locally concentrated regions to uniform distributions best described as?

<p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct "faces" of the phospholipids that make up the surface membrane of a cell?

<p>Both a) and c) are correct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur?

<p>in all cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most effective portion(s) of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis is (are):

<p>Both a) and c) are correct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions do fermentation reactions generally occur?

<p>low oxygen concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

<p>although energy can be transformed from one form to another, it cannot be created or destroyed in normal chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are bored at a lunch meeting and surreptitiously place a raisin in your glass of water. The raisin swells to twice its original size. Relative to the water, the raisin must have been:

<p>hypertonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobic mammals exist.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cellular characteristic of ALL eukaryotes?

<p>a nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, the origin of chloroplasts probably involved what?

<p>engulfing of small photosynthetic prokaryotes by larger cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active Transport

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requiring energy (ATP).

Cellular Respiration Fuel

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all be sources of energy for cellular respiration.

ATP Phosphate Groups

ATP's phosphate groups store energy, are negatively charged, and are linked by unstable bonds.

ATP Hydrolysis

When ATP is hydrolyzed, it loses one phosphate group, releasing energy and forming ADP.

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Not a Photosynthesis Product

Carbon dioxide is a reactant, not a product, of photosynthesis.

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White Pigment

White pigments reflect all wavelengths of visible light.

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Cell type in figure

Animal Cell

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Color Reflection

A reddish-yellow plant leaf is NOT absorbing red and yellow light.

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Photosynthesis Essentials

Plants can perform photosynthesis with water, light, and air (CO2).

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Energy and Active Transport

Active transport requires energy because it moves molecules against their concentration gradient.

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Mitochondrial Disease Symptoms

Mitochondrial diseases often lead to muscle weakness due to impaired energy production.

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Mitochondria Independence

Mitochondria cannot survive independently outside the host cell.

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Energy Conversion Inefficiency

Energy conversions are never perfectly efficient; some energy is always lost as heat.

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Diffusion Defined

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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Solute in Soft Drinks

The solute dissolves in the solvent. In carbonated drinks, sugar and CO2 are solutes.

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Origin of Photosynthetic Oxygen

The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from water molecules.

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Isotonic Definition

The cell's interior is isotonic when the solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell.

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Plasma Membrane Function

The plasma membrane separates cell contents from the external environment.

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H+ Movement into Stomach

Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Vase Falling Energy

Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

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Net Movement of Molecules

Diffusion

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Two Faces of Phospholipids

Hydrophilic (polar) heads facing water and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails avoiding water.

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Where Glycolysis Occurs

Glycolysis occurs in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

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Effective Photosynthesis Spectrum

Red and blue light

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Fermentation Conditions

Fermentation occurs when oxygen is scarce or absent.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

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Raisin in Water

Hypertonic means having a higher solute concentration.

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Anaerobic Mammals

Anaerobic mammals do not exist. Mammals require oxygen.

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Eukaryotic Characteristic

Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane. (also organelles).

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Chloroplast Origin

Endosymbiosis involved larger cells engulfing smaller prokaryotes.

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Study Notes

  • The concentration of a polar molecule is high and gradually increasing inside a cell, while ATP concentration is dropping.
  • Active transport would be the best hypothesis for the process occurring.

Energy Sources

  • Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

ATP

  • The phosphate groups in ATP store energy for cellular work, are negatively charged, and release energy when broken.
  • When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, one phosphate is removed.

Photosynthesis

  • Carbon dioxide is not a product of photosynthesis.

Pigments

  • A pigment that reflects all wavelengths of visible light appears white.

Animal cell

  • The object depicted in the figure is an animal cell.

Light Absorption

  • A plant with reddish-yellow leaves is not absorbing red and yellow wavelengths of the visible light spectrum.

Photosynthesis Requirements

  • A green plant can carry out photosynthesis with only water, light, and air.

Active Transport

  • Active transport, moving molecules from low to high concentration areas across a membrane, requires energy.

Mitochondrial Diseases

  • An inherited disease resulting from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child likely causes extreme muscle weakness.

Endosymbiosis Theory

  • The incorrect piece of evidence for the endosymbiosis theory is that mitochondria can survive and reproduce independently when removed from the host cell.

Energy Conversion

  • Every time energy is converted, some of it becomes heat, a less usable kinetic energy form.

Diffusion

  • Diffusion is the net movement of particles from high to low concentration areas.

Solute

  • When sugar and CO2 are dissolved in water to make carbonated soft drinks, the sugar and CO2 are the solutes.

Photosynthesis Origin

  • Oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis originates from oxygen atoms in water molecules.

Isotonic Solutions

  • A cell's interior is isotonic when solute concentrations are the same inside and outside the cell.

Plasma Membrane

  • The plasma membrane allows a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings.

H+ Movement

  • The movement of H+ into the stomach occurs through active transport.

Energy Conversion Example

  • When a vase falls, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.

Diffusion Defined

  • The net movement of molecules from concentrated regions to uniform distributions is diffusion.

Phospholipid Faces

  • The two faces are hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis occurs in all cells.

Photosynthesis Spectrum

  • The most effective portions of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis are blue and red light.

Fermentation

  • Fermentation reactions generally occur under low oxygen concentrations.

Thermodynamics First Law

  • Energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed in normal chemical reactions.

Tonicity

  • If a raisin swells in water, it was hypertonic relative to the water.

Anaerobic Mammals

  • Anaerobic mammals do not exist.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • A nuclear membrane is a cellular characteristic of all eukaryotes.

Endosymbiosis and Chloroplasts

  • The origin of chloroplasts likely involved the engulfing of small photosynthetic prokaryotes by larger cells.

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Description

Explore cellular processes including active transport, energy sources, and ATP's role. The process occurs when the concentration of a polar molecule is high and gradually increasing inside a cell. Understand photosynthesis, pigment properties, and cellular requirements.

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