Cellular Processes and DNA Replication Quiz

Cellular Processes

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Detoxifies, synthesizes lipids, and stores calcium ions.
• Phosphorylation: Modifies, activates, and deactivates proteins.
• Chaperone Proteins: Help in protein folding.
• Ribosomes: Formed in the nucleolus, sites of protein synthesis.
• Glycolysis Products: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
• Pyruvate Oxidation Products: Acetyl CoA and CO2.
• Krebs Cycle Products: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and CO2.
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Products: 29-30 ATP and H2O.
• NAD and FADH: Become reduced during the ETC.
• Endergonic Reactions: Require energy input (e.g., photosynthesis).
• Exergonic Reactions: Release energy (e.g., cellular respiration).
• Anaerobic Respiration: Doesn't require oxygen. Processes like Lactic Acid fermentation and Ethanol Fermentation occur during anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen.

DNA Replication

• DNA Helicase: Breaks bonds between nitrogenous bases to unwind DNA.
• Topoisomerase: Relieves tension caused by unwinding.
• Primase: Initiates DNA synthesis on leading and lagging strands.
• DNA Polymerase III: Synthesizes new DNA using the template strand.
• DNA Polymerase I: Replaces RNA primers with DNA.
• Proofreading: Ensures accuracy during synthesis.
• Griffith Experiment: Showed a "transforming principle."
• Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment: Identified DNA as the transforming principle.
• Hershey-Chase Experiment: Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.
• Chargaff's Rule: Equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and equal amounts of guanine and cytosine.
• Wilkins: Contributed to understanding DNA structure.
• Watson and Crick: Discovered the double helix structure of DNA.
• Meselson and Stahl: Demonstrated semiconservative DNA replication.

Test your knowledge on cellular processes including the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, phosphorylation, and the various stages of cellular respiration. Additionally, dive into the details of DNA replication and its associated enzymes. This quiz covers key concepts essential for understanding cellular biology.