Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where did Dr. Zuccarelli receive her BA degree in Biology and Chemistry from?
Where did Dr. Zuccarelli receive her BA degree in Biology and Chemistry from?
In which institution did Dr. Zuccarelli do her post-doctoral studies?
In which institution did Dr. Zuccarelli do her post-doctoral studies?
Where is Dr. Zuccarelli currently the Chair of the Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences?
Where is Dr. Zuccarelli currently the Chair of the Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences?
What is Dr. Zuccarelli's area of interest?
What is Dr. Zuccarelli's area of interest?
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Where was Dr. Zuccarelli a faculty member from 1993-2003?
Where was Dr. Zuccarelli a faculty member from 1993-2003?
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Which degree did Dr. Zuccarelli obtain from New York University?
Which degree did Dr. Zuccarelli obtain from New York University?
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During which years was Dr. Zuccarelli a faculty member at Georgetown University School of Medicine and the School of Nursing and Health Studies?
During which years was Dr. Zuccarelli a faculty member at Georgetown University School of Medicine and the School of Nursing and Health Studies?
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What type of influence does an axosomatic synapse primarily have?
What type of influence does an axosomatic synapse primarily have?
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Which part of a neuron can receive up to 3,000 synapses from other neurons?
Which part of a neuron can receive up to 3,000 synapses from other neurons?
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What results from increasing graded depolarizations at multiple synapses in a neuron?
What results from increasing graded depolarizations at multiple synapses in a neuron?
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What characterizes axoaxonic synapses?
What characterizes axoaxonic synapses?
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In muscle and nerve transmission, what kind of relationship exists between nerve cells and muscle cells?
In muscle and nerve transmission, what kind of relationship exists between nerve cells and muscle cells?
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What does each small change induced by chemical transmission at a synapse lead to?
What does each small change induced by chemical transmission at a synapse lead to?
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What type of potential results from the increasing decay of the membrane potential to its resting level?
What type of potential results from the increasing decay of the membrane potential to its resting level?
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In multiple inputs onto a single neuron, what does the combination of information coming to each cell body resemble?
In multiple inputs onto a single neuron, what does the combination of information coming to each cell body resemble?
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What is the role of axoaxonic synapses in modulating information?
What is the role of axoaxonic synapses in modulating information?
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Which specialized cells from the dorsolateral ectoderm within the neural fold form the neural crest?
Which specialized cells from the dorsolateral ectoderm within the neural fold form the neural crest?
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What do neural crest cells in the head migrate as a unit to become?
What do neural crest cells in the head migrate as a unit to become?
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Where do neural crest cells in the trunk disperse in two major directions?
Where do neural crest cells in the trunk disperse in two major directions?
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Which cells develop into Schwann cells?
Which cells develop into Schwann cells?
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What do migrating neural crest cells develop into that are involved in the eye's structure?
What do migrating neural crest cells develop into that are involved in the eye's structure?
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Which type of ganglia are affected by neural crest cells in the head?
Which type of ganglia are affected by neural crest cells in the head?
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Where do neural crest cells in the trunk disperse to become pigment cells?
Where do neural crest cells in the trunk disperse to become pigment cells?
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Which structures do neural crest cells not develop into?
Which structures do neural crest cells not develop into?
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Which is a correct statement about the differentiation of the neural tube into three layers?
Which is a correct statement about the differentiation of the neural tube into three layers?
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What is responsible for determining specifications of the neural plate and differentiation of the dorsal columns?
What is responsible for determining specifications of the neural plate and differentiation of the dorsal columns?
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Which peptide establishes the location of motor neurons in the spinal cord?
Which peptide establishes the location of motor neurons in the spinal cord?
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What is well known to prevent spina bifida by promoting proper cellular biochemistry of specific regulator molecules?
What is well known to prevent spina bifida by promoting proper cellular biochemistry of specific regulator molecules?
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Which gene family is expressed sequentially to form the anterior–posterior plane of the nervous system?
Which gene family is expressed sequentially to form the anterior–posterior plane of the nervous system?
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Which peptide determines neural induction, neural differentiation, and neural crest formation?
Which peptide determines neural induction, neural differentiation, and neural crest formation?
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What is responsible for anomalies of neural induction and differentiation due to improper regulation of gene expression?
What is responsible for anomalies of neural induction and differentiation due to improper regulation of gene expression?
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Which group of molecules are controlled by precise gene expression during embryological development of the nervous system?
Which group of molecules are controlled by precise gene expression during embryological development of the nervous system?
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Which peptide is implicated in diseases like holoprosencephaly, medulloblastomas, and basal cell carcinoma?
Which peptide is implicated in diseases like holoprosencephaly, medulloblastomas, and basal cell carcinoma?
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What do certain peptides contribute to in the developing nervous system?
What do certain peptides contribute to in the developing nervous system?
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What is the primary factor determining neuronal survival?
What is the primary factor determining neuronal survival?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of loss of connectivity between a neuron and its target?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of loss of connectivity between a neuron and its target?
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What is the primary purpose of remodeling in the nervous system during development?
What is the primary purpose of remodeling in the nervous system during development?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in maintaining the connections between a neuron and its target?
Which of the following is NOT a factor in maintaining the connections between a neuron and its target?
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What determines the health of an axon?
What determines the health of an axon?
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of lack of electrical activity in a neuron?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of lack of electrical activity in a neuron?
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What is the relationship between dendritic tree growth and contact at the synapse?
What is the relationship between dendritic tree growth and contact at the synapse?
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Study Notes
Types of Synapses
- Axodendritic: terminal bouton of the presynaptic cell aligned with dendrite of the postsynaptic cell, primarily excitatory influence
- Axosomatic: terminal bouton of the presynaptic cell aligned with the cell body of the postsynaptic cell, primarily inhibitory influence
- Axoaxonic: terminal bouton of the axon of the presynaptic cell aligned with the axon of the postsynaptic cell, either excitatory or inhibitory influence, modulating the information in the second cell
Neurotransmission
- Multiple inputs onto a single neuron from other neurons, up to 3,000 synapses on one neuron
- Each synapse induces small changes in membrane potentials caused by chemical transmission, which can be either excitatory or inhibitory
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials result from increasing graded depolarizations at multiple synapses
- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials result from increasing decay of the membrane potential to its resting level
Embryological Development of the Nervous System
- Neural crest cells have the capacity to migrate widely and differentiate specifically into neurons and other cells of the PNS
- Neural crest cells in the head migrate as a unit to become sensory roots/sheath cells of cranial nerves, juxtamural and intramural parasympathetic ganglia, and branchial cartilages
- Neural crest cells of the trunk disperse in two major directions: superficial and dorsal direction (pigment cells of epidermis and dermis) and deep and ventral direction (chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla and gut parasympathetic ganglia)
Development of the Neural Tube
- Begins as a hollow, closed tube formed by the walls of the fused neural folds
- Cells destined to become neuronal component of the nervous system and the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricular system
- Differentiation of neural tube into three layers
Maintenance of Mature Neuronal Connections
- Neuronal survival is target dependent, requiring constant contact with target tissue
- Loss of connectivity decreases conduction of impulses, leading to dystrophic anatomic changes, upregulation or downregulation of receptors, alterations in neurotransmitter release, and pruning of dendrites
Trophic and Tropic Molecules
- Controlled by precise gene expression, promoting competition at the target, ensuring "safety factor", and providing for efficient use of neurotransmitters
- Specific genes produce important peptides for gene expression in the developing nervous system, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and wingless (wnt)
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Description
This quiz module covers the cellular physiology of the nervous system. Learn from Dr. Lisa Zuccarelli OP, a seasoned instructor with a strong background in Biology and Chemistry.
