Anatomy and Physiology

• Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) may result in an inability to distinguish various types of odors
• Damage to the facial nerves can cause a person to lose the ability to taste food
• Over 90% of parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve X (vagus)
• The "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system is the sympathetic division
• The hypothalamus controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst
• Skeletal muscle is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system
• The dorsal body cavity contains the brain
• The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system
• Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of glycogen
• Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation, not raising it
• Mitochondria contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
• Peroxisomes are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
• Helping in the formation of cell membranes is not a function of lysosomes
• During metaphase of mitosis, the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline

Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane Structure

• Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules

Damage from Burns

• A first-degree burn damages only the epidermis layer of tissue

Hair Follicles

• Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months, causing eyebrow hairs to be shorter than head hairs

Cells of the Stratum Spinosum

• Serve the body by preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis, due to many interlocking desmosomes

Negative Feedback Examples

• The thickening of the epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is maintained by keratinocytes releasing chemical signals due to UV light damage to increase melanin production

Ossification (Osteogenesis)

• Bone formation

Long Bone Growth

• Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Bone Growth

• Growth hormone is most important for bone growth during infancy and childhood

Epiphyseal Plate

• Elevated levels of sex hormones can cause the epiphyseal plate of long bones in children to close too early

Thoracic Vertebrae

• Differ from other vertebrae, having costal facets

Axial Skeleton

• Provides central support for the body and protects internal organs

Anterior Cranium

• Formed by the maxilla bone

Lordosis

• An abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women to preserve their center of gravity

Thoracic Vertebrae 11 and 12

• Their transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs

Superior Nasal Concha

• Part of the ethmoid bone

Nasal Septum

• The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part

Movement Limitations

• Supination is not a movement that can occur between vertebrae

Articulations

• Amphiarthroses permit permitting only slight degrees of movement

Cartilaginous Joints

• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

Jiu Jitsu

• Bowing to an opponent before a jiu jitsu match is a movement that is considered to represent flexion

Muscle Fibers

• Recruiting slow oxidative fibers for contraction before recruiting fast oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers helps to allow for fine control with delicate contractile force with a small stimulus

Mitochondria

• Addition of more of these to a muscle fiber will have the greatest effect on slow oxidative fibers

Muscle Contraction

• If given the exact same amount of ATP, fast oxidative fibers would contract for the longest amount of time