Cellular Organelles
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Questions and Answers

What is the smallest unit of life?

  • Organelles
  • Tissues
  • Molecules
  • Cells (correct)

    • How do most body cells arise?

  • Budding
  • Meiosis
  • Fertilization
  • Mitosis (correct)

    • What process do sperm and ovum cells arise by?

  • Fertilization
  • Mitosis
  • Apoptosis
  • Meiosis (correct)

    • How many different cell types are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Over 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a human cell separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glycocalyx on the extracellular surface of the membrane?

    <p>Cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of junction serves as anchoring junctions to prevent cell separation?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are integral proteins firmly inserted into?

    <p>Lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms a double layer in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the plasma membrane in cellular activities?

    <p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do membrane proteins perform tasks such as?

    <p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows neighboring cells to adhere and communicate?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral proteins not embedded in?

    <p>Lipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do linker protein filaments (cadherins) do in the intercellular space?

    <p>Fit together like Velcro®</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides specific biological markers for cell recognition?

    <p>Glycocalyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extracellular materials in a human cell?

    <p>Extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions?

    <p>They lose water and shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in hypotonic solutions?

    <p>They gain water and plump up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in distilled water?

    <p>They burst due to the absence of solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source for active membrane transport?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

    <p>Primary uses energy directly from ATP, while secondary uses energy stored in concentration gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport moves large particles and macromolecules within vesicles?

    <p>Vesicular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different mechanisms included in endocytosis?

    <p>Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates exocytosis?

    <p>Cell-surface signals, such as hormone binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for establishing membrane potential?

    <p>Selective diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of resting membrane potential?

    <p>From -50 to -90 millivolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cell adhesion molecules and membrane receptors allow cells to do?

    <p>Interact with their environment and play key roles in development, repair, and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell's ATP supply?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ER is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G proteins in chemical signaling?

    <p>Acting as middlemen between extracellular and intracellular messengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the outer smooth membrane of mitochondria?

    <p>ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mechanical sensors in cellular signaling?

    <p>Transmitting extracellular matrix changes into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle can increase its number in response to increased ATP requirements?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of contact signaling in cellular processes?

    <p>Development and immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasma membrane receptors in cellular signaling?

    <p>Binding sites for contact and chemical signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cytoplasm in a cell?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs, with rough ER studded with ribosomes that manufacture secreted proteins and integral proteins for cellular membranes?

    <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junctions are abundant in high mechanical stress tissues like skin and heart muscle?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of gap junctions?

    <p>Allowing the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion involves carrier or channel proteins, while simple diffusion does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facilitated diffusion involves carrier proteins that change shape to transport specific molecules?

    <p>Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of osmosis?

    <p>The diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osmotic pressure and tonicity play?

    <p>Determining the distribution of water in different fluid-containing compartments of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions?

    <p>They shrink as water moves out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of isotonic solutions on cell shape?

    <p>No net movement of water, so there is no change in cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tonicity?

    <p>To change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can osmotic imbalances cause in cells?

    <p>Cells to swell or shrink until the solute concentration is balanced or the membrane breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of desmosomes in tissues?

    <p>Providing strong adhesion between cells in high mechanical stress tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gap junctions?

    <p>Allowing the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Organelles and Signaling Overview

    • Mechanical sensors transmit extracellular matrix changes into the cell, while plasma membrane receptors serve as binding sites for contact and chemical signaling, most of which are glycoproteins.
    • Contact signaling is crucial for development and immunity, and some infectious agents use it to identify target tissues.
    • Chemical signaling involves ligands binding to specific receptors, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrine chemicals, with G proteins acting as middlemen between extracellular and intracellular messengers.
    • The cytoplasm consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, with organelles performing specific cell functions and inclusions varying by cell type.
    • Mitochondria are the cell's power plants, producing most of its ATP supply, and their density reflects a cell's energy requirements.
    • Mitochondria have an outer smooth membrane and an inner membrane with shelflike cristae, where enzymes break down food fuels in a multistep process called aerobic cellular respiration.
    • Mitochondria contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, and can increase their number in response to increased ATP requirements.
    • Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis, with free ribosomes making soluble proteins and membrane-bound ribosomes synthesizing proteins for incorporation into cell membranes or export from the cell.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs, with rough ER studded with ribosomes that manufacture secreted proteins and integral proteins for cellular membranes.
    • Rough ER also functions as the cell's membrane factory and attaches sugar groups to proteins for eventual use.
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.
    • The ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and accounts for about half of the cell's membranes, playing important roles in protein synthesis and membrane production.

    Cell Junctions and Passive Membrane Transport

    • Desmosomes are abundant in high mechanical stress tissues like skin and heart muscle
    • Gap junctions are communicating junctions between adjacent cells, allowing the passage of ions and small molecules
    • Different types of gap junctions are composed of different transmembrane proteins, determining what can pass through them
    • Passive membrane transport involves diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient
    • Simple diffusion allows small nonpolar lipid-soluble molecules to directly diffuse through the lipid bilayer
    • Facilitated diffusion allows the passive transport of larger or polar molecules through carrier or channel proteins
    • Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion involves carrier proteins that change shape to transport specific molecules
    • Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion involves transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels
    • Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane
    • Osmotic pressure and tonicity play a role in determining the distribution of water in different fluid-containing compartments of the body
    • Osmotic imbalances can cause cells to swell or shrink until the solute concentration is balanced or the membrane breaks
    • Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering their internal water volume, with isotonic and hypertonic solutions having different effects on cell shape

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    Week 3 - Cell - The Living Units PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of cellular organelles, signaling, and passive membrane transport with this informative quiz. Explore the functions of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes, as well as the mechanisms of contact and chemical signaling. Learn about cell junctions, passive membrane transport, and the role of osmosis in maintaining cellular balance.

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