Cellular respiration
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule is NOT considered an electron carrier?

  • FAD
  • ATP (correct)
  • NAD+
  • NAD

    • What role do NAD and FAD primarily serve in metabolic processes?

  • They regulate cellular respiration rates.
  • They accept or donate high energy electrons. (correct)
  • They act as catalysts for biochemical reactions.
  • They act as energy storage molecules.

    • What happens to NAD+ after it accepts electrons during the breakdown of glucose?

  • It is released as waste.
  • It becomes NADH. (correct)
  • It converts into ATP.
  • It gets transformed into glucose.

    • High energy electrons are produced during which process?

    <p>The breakdown of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about electron carriers is true?

    <p>They are specific to certain types of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Electron Transfer Chain (ETC) in cellular metabolism?

    <p>To utilize high energy electrons for ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complexes in the Electron Transfer Chain are classified as proton pumps?

    <p>Complex I, II, III, IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>To convert ADP to ATP using proton gradient energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>30-32 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key role does the citric acid cycle play in ATP production?

    <p>It generates high energy electron carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major source of fuel in diets according to the content?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting cellular metabolism?

    <p>Environmental temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do digestive enzymes play in metabolism?

    <p>They facilitate the breakdown of food into basic components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a metabolic disease?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when there are faults in enzymes related to metabolism?

    <p>Production of unwanted by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a basic component of digested food?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malnutrition impact metabolism?

    <p>Disrupts normal metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential clinical issue with abnormal lactate generation?

    <p>Critical impact on blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are metabolites primarily converted from?

    <p>Fats and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT specifically listed as impacting metabolism?

    <p>Celiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced from glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of ATP produced from the electron transfer phase?

    <p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined total of ATP produced when glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transfer are summed?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of metabolism is primarily responsible for the complexity mentioned?

    <p>Biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following textbooks is recommended for advanced biochemistry?

    <p>Berg/Stryer – THE biochemistry textbook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary molecule is produced from the oxidation of pyruvate in the mitochondria?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

    <p>Mitochondrial Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cycle does acetyl CoA enter after its formation?

    <p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main high-energy electron carriers produced in the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process continuously produces pyruvate for the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA?

    <p>Decarboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the CO2 produced during the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>It is released as a waste product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>Glycolysis produces pyruvate that feeds into the Citric Acid Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the Citric Acid Cycle?

    <p>Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substrate used in glycolysis?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is formed at the end of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of glycolysis requires the input of ATP?

    <p>Preparatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of glycolysis is ATP produced?

    <p>Payoff phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of phosphorylation occurs during the ATP generation in glycolysis?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chemical reactions are involved in glycolysis?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is converted to G3P during glycolysis?

    <p>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process connects glycolysis to the next stage of cellular respiration?

    <p>Pyruvate processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular location does glycolysis occur?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the phosphate group during the conversion of PEP to pyruvate?

    <p>It is transferred to ADP to form ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intermediate product is generated in the conversion of glucose during glycolysis?

    <p>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the two major stages of glycolysis is true?

    <p>Only the second stage produces ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Generate pyruvate for further metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is produced during the payoff phase of glycolysis other than ATP?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in the glycolytic process?

    <p>Catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration Overview

    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into smaller molecules to create ATP, the cell's energy currency
    • This occurs in a series of four stages: glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
    • The process involves oxidation-reduction reactions, transferring electrons to create energy for ATP production

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm
    • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate (2 molecules)
    • This process uses ATP in the initial stages but results in a net gain of ATP
    • Net production = 2 ATP, 2 NADH

    Pyruvate Processing

    • Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA inside the mitochondria
    • This converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
    • This produces 2 NADH and 2 CO2 per glucose molecule

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid Cycle (also known as the Krebs Cycle) in the mitochondrial matrix
    • It involves a series of redox reactions that produce ATP, NADH and FADH2
    • Net products per glucose are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

    Electron Transport Chain

    • The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final stage
    • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed down the chain, releasing energy that is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space
    • This creates a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to generate ATP
    • Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water
    • The ETC produces a significant number of ATP

    ATP Synthase

    • The electron transport chain creates a gradient of protons (H+) between the inner and outer membrane within the mitochondria
    • ATP synthase is an enzyme that utilizes the flow of these protons to generate ATP
    • This is crucial in driving further cellular processes

    NAD+ and FAD

    • NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers that move high energy electrons during the process.
    • NADH delivers electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
    • FADH2 also delivers electrons to the ETC, generating ATP.

    What happens when oxygen is not present?

    • Cells can still produce ATP when oxygen is not available but the yield of ATP molecules is very low. The process is called anaerobic respiration or fermentation
    • In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to lactate through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
    • In the absence of oxygen, NADH must be recycled back to NAD+ - which glycolysis needs for pyruvate processing.

    Gluconeogenesis

    • When glucose levels are low, the body uses pyruvate to create glucose with the enzyme gluconeogenesis
    • The process is in the liver

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    Description

    Test your understanding of cellular metabolism and the role of electron carriers such as NAD and FAD. This quiz covers key processes in ATP production, the electron transfer chain, and metabolic diseases. Challenge yourself with these essential concepts in biochemistry!

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