Cellular Metabolism and ATP
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Cellular Metabolism and ATP

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Questions and Answers

What type of reactions are characterized by complex molecules being broken down into simpler compounds?

  • Exergonic reactions
  • Catabolic reactions (correct)
  • Endergonic reactions
  • Anabolic reactions

    • Endergonic reactions release energy.

    False

    What is the process called when ATP transfers a phosphate group to a reactant?

    Phosphorylation

    The amount of energy that is __________ or __________ is equal to the difference between the potential energy of the reactants and __________.

    <p>released, consumed, products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of reactions with their characteristics:

    <p>Catabolic = Exergonic, breaking down molecules Anabolic = Endergonic, building up molecules Hydrolysis of ATP = Releases energy Synthesis of ATP = Stores energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about ATP is true?

    <p>ATP can be used to power anabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

    <p>To speed up the rate of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?

    <p>Omega-3 are found in fish, while omega-6 are found in nuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fat tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?

    <p>To produce energy for cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animals eat to gain organic molecules, essential nutrients, and fuel for ____________.

    <p>cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins and minerals with their function:

    <p>Vitamin A = Vision and immune function Vitamin C = Antioxidant and skin health Calcium = Bone health Iron = Oxygen transport in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elimination is the removal of _____________________________ materials out of the digestive tract.

    <p>waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a bulk feeder?

    <p>Lion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals possess an alimentary canal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a fluid feeder?

    <p>Mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following feeding mechanisms with their examples:

    <p>Suspension Feeders = Clam Fluid Feeders = Mosquito Bulk Feeders = Lion Substrate Feeders = Earthworm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in birds is specifically adapted to support flight?

    <p>Keel (sternum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomy is the study of how body structures function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observable traits of an organism referred to as?

    <p>phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerve impulses cause ________________________; hormones usually ________________________.

    <p>rapid responses; longer-lasting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a feedback loop detects changes in the environment?

    <p>Sensor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans undergo _____ mitotic divisions from zygote to newborn.

    <p>41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of an animal’s forelimbs modified as wings reflects its _____ for flight.

    <p>adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List five examples of things that are regulated in our bodies.

    <p>Temperature, blood glucose, pH levels, blood pressure, electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback mechanisms enhance the initial stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection acts upon which of the following?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the levels of organization found in an individual human with their definitions:

    <p>Cell = Basic unit of life Tissue = Group of similar cells Organ = Structure made of different tissues Organ System = Group of organs that work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the blood glucose regulatory mechanisms fail due to too much insulin?

    <p>Blood glucose levels decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between structure and function in biology.

    <p>The structure of a body part is closely related to its function; changes in structure can affect capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating cells to release glucose into the blood ∴ ___________________________ blood glucose.

    <p>increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pancreatic hormone with its action:

    <p>Glucagon = Increases blood glucose Insulin = Decreases blood glucose Adrenaline = Prepares the body for fight-or-flight Cortisol = Regulates metabolism during stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a positive feedback loop look like in the body?

    <p>Childbirth contractions, blood clotting process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Metabolism

    • Cellular metabolism refers to all chemical reactions occuring in a cell
    • Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy.
    • Anabolic reactions build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
    • Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction
    • Anabolic and catabolic reactions are coupled by ATP.

    ATP

    • ATP hydrolysis releases potential energy.
    • ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + Pi + free energy.
    • The energy released from ATP hydrolysis is used by anabolic reactions to build organic molecules.
    • Catabolic reactions release energy which is stored as ATP.
    • ATP powers anabolic reactions.
    • This is energy coupling: energy from exergonic reactions fuels endergonic reactions.
    • ATP is a renewable resource.

    Phosphorylation

    • ATP hydrolysis transfers a phosphate group to a reactant, which is called phosphorylation.
    • Phosphorylation makes reactants more reactive by increasing their free energy.
    • This energy is used to drive chemical, transport and mechanical work.

    Cellular Reactions: Enzymes

    • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts.
    • Catalysts speed up the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process.
    • Enzymes are reusable.
    • Enzymes are critical for life's reactions, as they speed up processes that would otherwise be too slow.

    Human Development

    • Humans are animals, and begin as zygotes.
    • Between the zygote and newborn stages, human cells undergo 41 mitotic divisions.
    • This results in 241 (more than 2 trillion) cells.
    • Human cells differentiate, resulting in a newborn with over 2 trillion cells that form tissues, organs and organ systems.

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Anatomy is the study of structures and their relationships.
    • Physiology is the study of how body structures function.

    Animal Structure

    • Animal structure has a hierarchy.
    • There is a close relationship between structure and function.

    Adaptions for Flight

    • Forelimbs are modified as wings with light-weight keratin feathers.
    • Strong pectoral muscles are anchored to a keel (sternum).
    • Reduction in mass of some organs.
    • Lungs with air sacs.
    • Four-chambered heart.
    • Extended vision and coordination.

    Phenotype

    • Phenotype is observable traits.
    • An organism's phenotype reflects the relationship between genotype and environment.
    • Natural selection only acts on phenotype.

    Nervous and Endocrine system

    • Nerve impulses cause rapid, short-term responses.
    • Hormones usually cause slower but longer-lasting responses.

    Feedback Loops

    • Feedback loops help maintain homeostasis.
    • A system needs a sensor to detect changes, a control center to coordinate a response, and an effector to exert a response.

    Negative Feedback

    • Negative feedback opposes the initial stimulus.
    • This brings internal conditions back to a tolerable range.
    • The control center determines the set point, compares input with the normal range, and activates the effector if needed.

    Blood Glucose Regulation

    • Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated by two pancreatic hormones.
    • Glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating cells to release glucose into the blood, thus raising blood glucose.
    • Insulin stimulates cells to take glucose out of the blood and store it, thus lowering blood glucose.

    Digestive System

    • Animals eat for organic molecules, essential nutrients and fuel for cellular respiration.
    • Organic molecules are needed to synthesize new molecules.
    • Essential nutrients are those the organism cannot make on its own (e.g, essential vitamins and minerals).

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP.
    • This process has three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain (not stated in the text).
    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.
    • The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and the matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes.
    • Electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria (not stated in the text).

    Digestive Compartments

    • Most animals have a specialized digestive tract.
    • Food is digested in organ compartments that house hydrolytic enzymes.
    • Some animals have a sac with a single opening called a gastrovascular cavity (e.g., hydra).

    Alimentary Canal

    • Most animals have an alimentary canal.
    • Alimentary canal is a tube that runs between two openings.
    • The alimentary canal is divided into compartments that process food sequentially.
    • These compartments include: pharynx, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestine, and anus.
    • The crop stores food pre-digestion.
    • The gizzard grinds food.

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    Description

    Explore the dynamic world of cellular metabolism, focusing on the roles of catabolic and anabolic reactions. Learn how ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation facilitate energy transfers within cells, powering various biochemical processes. This quiz delves into the essential concepts of energy coupling and the importance of ATP in cellular functioning.

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