Shelf RK 2023

Which of the following is characteristic of the fluid mosaic model of cellular membranes?

Cholesterol in the plasma membrane is essential for which of the following?

Which of the following statements concerning plasma membrane components is TRUE?

A 35-year-old female patient is diagnosed with hemochromatosis with high levels of iron in the blood. Further studies show that the defect is due to a mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of the transferrin- receptor protein in the plasma membrane which prevents its clustering in a coated pit and being internalized in a coated vesicle. The process involving internalization of a substance at the plasma membrane in a coated vesicle is called?

A 40-year-old electrician comes to the emergency room complaining of severe digestive discomfort for 24-hrs followed by muscle weakness. He is diagnosed as having botulism (food poisoning). This is due to cleavage of which of the following molecules which is necessary for fusion of the synaptic vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction?

The major site of transcriptional activity in the nucleus for messenger RNA (mRNA) is which of the following?

The nucleolus is:

Cells in tissue culture are actively dividing every six hours. A cell is observed that is actively growing but has not yet duplicated its DNA. This cell is likely to be in which of the following cell cycle stages?

During apoptosis release of cytochrome C has which of the following primary effects?

Following crush injuries, patients may have rhabdomyolysis, a breakdown of the skeletal muscles. This can be characterized by the release of myoglobin and increased concentrations of other muscle cytoplasmic proteins into the blood. The presence of these proteins in the blood is most consistent with which of the following?

An experiment is conducted in which the mitochondrial content of various tissues is studied. It is found that the mitochondrial content is directly proportional to the amount of energy one cell is required to generate and expend. The mitochondrial content is most likely greatest in which of the following types of cells?

Which of the following proteins is characteristic of the outer membrane of mitochondria and mediates translocation of ions and metabolites into the mitochondrium?

A 55-year-old woman starts taking sleeping tablets (barbituates) prescribed by her doctor. Which of the following organelles will become more abundant in the liver cells of a patient that takes large amounts of barbiturates (sleeping tablets) and is important for the detoxification of the drug?

The major function of the cell organelle shown here at X is which of the following?

The C-terminal of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) contains a di-acidic sorting signal Asp-X-Glu (D-X-E, where X is any amino acid). Mutations in this signal sequence abolish binding of COP-II proteins to vesicles. Blocking COP-II function would affect which of the following?

The major function of the Golgi apparatus shown here is which of the following?

A knock-out mouse model in which mannose- 6- phosphate receptor proteins are absent would be expected to have a major effect on sorting and trafficking (targeting) of proteins destined for which of the following organelles?

Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a genetic disease that produces profound neurological disorders, and liver and kidney problems and usually results in infant death within a few months. It results from defects in the biogenesis of an organelle that normally can be recognized by the presence of catalase, various oxidases (including urate oxidase in a central crystalline nucleoid in non-humans), and that plays a key role in oxidation of long chain fatty acids and detoxification of ethanol. The effected organelle is which of the following?

Which of the following consists of globular actin molecules linked into a double-stranded helix?

A pathologist uses monoclonal antibodies against several intermediate filament proteins and finds that a tumor section stains positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The tumor most likely originated from which of the following cells?

A pathologist uses monoclonal antibodies against several intermediate filament proteins and finds that a tumor section stains positive for keratin. The tumor most likely originated from which of the following cells?

At 2 to 3-years-age, David is observed by his parents to show signs of slow growth and hair loss, a small face with recessed chin. He is diagnosed as having the rare genetic condition called progeria which causes abnormally rapid aging. This condition is associated with a mutation in an intermediate filament protein which normally forms a fibrous layer on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. This protein is which of the following?

Fast axonal transport of vesicles towards the axonal terminal from the neuronal soma can be blocked by the addition of colchicine. Which of the following proteins is likely to be involved in this transport?

A defect in which of the following cellular structures is frequently associated with chronic respiratory infections, situs inversus, and male infertility?

An electrophysiologist injects a fluorescent dye attached to a peptide less than 2 nm in diameter into a strand of cardiac cells and observes the dye passing from cell to cell by a junction which also provides electrical coupling of the cells. This junction is which of the following?

In cholera, the bacterium produces a toxin which causes massive diarrhea and consequent dehydration of the body. The toxin causes the opening of an intercellular junction which normally acts as a permeability barrier (seal) preventing proteins and other substances from passing between the cells through the intercellular space. The junction which normally forms an impermeable seal or barrier between the adjacent cells is which of the following?

In the mammary gland both the product (milk fat globule) and a portion of the surrounding plasma membrane of the cell are released into the lumen of the duct. The mechanism or mode of secretion of the mammary gland is best described as which of the following.

In examining a biopsy a pathologist observes an epithelium in which all of the cells touch the basal lamina, but not all of the cells reach the apical or luminal surface. Some of the cells are taller than they are wide. The apical surface of the taller cells has stereocilia. This epithelium would best be classified as which of the following?

In Goodpasture's disease the immune system secretes antibodies which attack the basal lamina of the epithelial cells of the kidney glomeruli and the alveoli of the lung. These antibodies would be attacking which of the following molecules which are secreted by the epithelial cells and which would be found in large amounts in the lamina densa of the basal lamina?

Abundant basal infoldings of the plasma membrane in close proximity to numerous elongated mitochondria is characteristic of cells that are involved in:

The cell primarily responsible for the synthesis of the collagen fibers and proteoglycans in connective tissue is which of the following?

A 40-year-old man is diagnosed as having Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disease. In the microscope, a pathologist notes numerous cells which are characterized by a clock face nuclear chromatin pattern, lightly basophilic cytoplasm, and a juxta-nuclear negative-staining golgi apparatus. This best describes which of the following cells?

A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with a ruptured (perforation) of the large intestine wall due to a condition called Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome which effects the formation of connective tissue reticular fibers. Which one of the following statements about this patient's condition is TRUE?

A 45-year-old man is rushed to the hospital with the severe onset of chest and back pain. He is tall and thin with long fingers and has had dislocation of the lens in the past. An aortic dissection (rupture of the wall of the aorta) is diagnosed and Marfan's syndrome is suspected. Marfan's syndrome results from which of the following?

A 22-year-old Puerto Rican woman with an extreme allergy to peanuts was rushed to the emergency room with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction and anaphylactic shock due to the release of massive amounts of histamine in response to her accidental ingestion of a peanut-oil salad dressing. Which of the following cells would be most directly responsible for the release of the histamine?

Which of the following cells is involved in the formation of foreign body giant cells?

The epithelial cell or structure primarily responsible for the water-proofing of the epidermis of skin is which of the following?

Langerhan cells:

The reticular layer of the dermis of skin is composed of which of the following connective tissue types?

Maria, a 35-year-old house wife is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated disease characterized by progressive disfunction of the nervous system due to destruction of myelin in the CNS. Myelination in the CNS involves which of the following cells?

Name the structures at X and Y.

Name the organ.

Name the cells at the end of the arrows.

Name the organs in Panels A and B.

Name the structures in Panels A and B.

Deterioration and death of neurons within the substantia Negra of the brain is associated with:

Which one of the following statements concerning hyaline cartilage is correct?

What feature typifies the appositional growth of cartilage?

In bone, parathyroid hormone has which of the following effects?

Maryli, a post-menopausal woman, is diagnosed with osteoporosis and thinning of the bones. This most likely results from which of the following?

Which of the following muscle cell components helps spread the depolarization of the muscle cell membranes throughout the interior of skeletal muscle cells?

A patient is admitted to the emergency room. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of cardiac troponin I in the blood. This patient has most likely had direct damage to which of the following?

Maria, a 25-year-old office worker comes to his doctor complaining of rapid skeletal muscle weakness and muscle fatigue following almost any physical activity. This usually goes away following rest. She also complains of problems with vision including double-vision. She says this has been going on for several months. The doctor further notices that her eyelids droop. She is diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis. This results from which of the following?

A pathologist is examining a slide of cardiac muscle and notes the presence of intercalated disks. Which of the following is true of intercalated disks?

Smooth muscle is characterized by:

Erythrocytes:

Which of the labelled cells is directly involved in the production of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (allergenic reactions)?

The large cell indicated in the micrograph by the line is important in which of the following processes?

Which cell type normally is the most numerous of the circulating leukocytes.

Appearance in the peripheral blood of large numbers of which cell type is termed a “shift to the left” and may signal a major bacterial infection?

DiGeorge Syndrome is characterized by a deficiency of t-lymphocytes. This reduction would be most evident in which of the following?

Name the organ and region shown in Panel C. All of the images are from the same organ.

Maria is a 45-year-old-accountant who is diagnosed with sepsis (infection of the blood). Which structure or organ is an encapsulated peripheral lymphoid organ that serves as the principle (primary) immunological filter of the blood?

Which lymphoid organ is characterized histologically as receiving both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

Name the layer indicated by the X.

Richard, a 43-year-old mechanic is diagnosed as having left bundle blockage of the electrical activity of the heart. Which of the following is a normal component of the intrinsic electrical conduction pathway in the ventricle required for ventricular contraction?

Ischemic heart disease is usually caused by which of the following?

Which of the following vessels is most responsible for the peripheral vascular resistance and regulating blood pressure?

A 45-year-old woman has a neuroglioma tumor. Many chemotherapy drugs that would be used to treat tumors elsewhere cannot be used because of the blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is maintained by which of the following types of vessels or types of cells?

Which layer is thickest in the wall of veins?

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptor cells is FALSE? They:

As a student of histology, you are examining a slide in which the organ is characterized by a C-shaped region of hyaline cartilage and respiratory epithelium. The organ is which of the following?

Name the structure with the A in its lumen.

B is in which of the following structures?

A clinical study is conducted in which patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study found increased amounts of the CC16 molecules in the blood, and concluded that this is an indicator of lung damage. CC16 is secreted by:

Name the structure with the X in its lumen.

A premature infant is born at 26-weeks-gestation and presents with newborn respiratory distress syndrome. This is due to which of the following?

Which structures comprise a renal (kidney) lobule?

The minimal blood-air barrier consists of which of the following?

Urine analysis in a patient by dipstick analysis shows high levels of protein in the urine. Blood tests show high levels of creatine and blood urea nitrogen. These symptoms are suggestive of which of the following?

Although small amounts of hemoglobin and small plasma proteins may pass through the renal filtration apparatus into the forming urine these proteins are not normally seen during urine analysis. This is mainly due to which of the following?

Jocasta, a 49-year-old patient is diagnosed with diabetes insipidus which causes an increase in the frequency and volume of urination. This usual results from a deficiency in secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary. ADH binds to cells of which of the following?

Aldosterone acts to increase blood pressure mainly through binding to receptors on which of the following cell types?

Which of the following organs is characterized by having both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle in its muscularis externa?

Name the organ shown here.

A 45-year-old male patient with stomach cancer has part of his fundic stomach removed by gastrectomy. Which of the following is likely clinical complication of the gastrectomy?

Peyer's patches are associated with the wall of which of the following organs?

The cell labeled X secretes _____ under the influence of the hormone _____?

Iodination of the thyroglobulin within the thyroid gland occurs at which of the following:

Which of the following cell types secretes/produces large amounts of plasma proteins?

Under conditions of low blood pressure, angiotensin II causes secretion of the hormone aldosterone (mineralocortacoid). This is secreted by which of the following?

Prolactin is synthesized and released by which of the following cells?

The gland in the image produces an active hormone. Which of the following statements about the effect of the hormone is correct?

A large tumor of the adenohypophysis is removed from a 44- year-old-male patient, resulting in a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. Which of the following would be reduced in secretion of the adrenal gland?

A 25-year-old female patient with elevated levels plasma metanephrines (breakdown product of adrenaline) is evaluated with an abdominal CT scan. The final diagnosis is pheochromocytoma, this is a tumor of which of the following organ?

In response to low levels of blood glucose, which of the following cells secretes glucagon?

The hormone produced by the cells at the end of the arrow has which of the following functions?

Oxytocin promotes contraction of the myoepithelial cell of the mammary gland for the milk-ejection reflex. When a baby sucks at the breast of the mother, this sensory stimulation triggers the responses that eventually affect electrical activity of neurons in the hypothalamus and the signal for oxytocin secretion. Which of the following cells synthetize this hormone?

A 25 year old contracts cholera, he has fever and diarrhea for 5 days but recovers. Three years later he has infertility problems. His blood shows higher titers of antibodies against sperm antigens. Vibrio cholera secrets a toxin that interferes with tight junctions. Which cells in the male gonads are the likely target of this toxin?

A 59-year-old male complains to the doctor that he has reduced energy and strength. Tests show that he is low in blood and tissue levels of testosterone. Which of the following cells is mainly responsible for the secretion of testosterone? *c. _____ (Interstitial cells in interstitium between seminiferous tubules)

These structures are named:

Which of the structures conveys spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis?

Name the structures labeled C

In examining a biopsy a pathologist observes an epithelium in which all of the cells touch the basal lamina, but not all of the cells reach the apical or luminal surface. Some of the cells are taller than they are wide. The apical surface of the taller cells has stereocilia. This epithelium would be characteristic of which of the following organs?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the granulosa luteal cells of the corpus luteum ?

Which of the stages of ovarian follicular development is characterized by the initial formation of a fluid filled antrum?

A compound gland is always characterized by:

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the functional layer of the endometrium undergoes which of the following changes? *b. The _____ is renewed

This gland has an important role in providing passive immunity mainly with:

A 45-year-old male patient with stomach cancer has part of his fundic stomach removed by gastrectomy. Which of the following is likely clinical complication of the gastrectomy?