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What is the result of the degrading action of enzymes on irreversibly damaged cells?
What is the characteristic of cytoplasmic changes in necrosis?
What is the term for the clumping of chromatin in the nucleus during necrosis?
What type of necrosis is characterized by the formation of a cheese-like material?
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What determines the appearance of necrosis in an H&E stained section?
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What is the characteristic of coagulative necrosis?
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What is the term for the fragmentation of necrotic cells?
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What is the process by which necrotic debris are cleared away?
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What is the commonest pattern of brain infarct?
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Which of the following situations may lead to a red/haemorrhagic infarct?
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What is the characteristic of apoptotic cells' cytoplasm?
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What is the process of apoptosis also known as?
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What is the result of substantial apoptosis in terms of histological detection?
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What is the characteristic of apoptosis in terms of inflammatory response?
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What type of necrosis is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous debris and is associated with certain infections, especially tuberculosis?
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What is the term used to describe the type of necrosis seen in the lower limb and intestine due to ischemia and bacterial infection?
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What type of necrosis is seen in the brain infarction, characterized by a wedge-shaped, pale, soft, and cystic area?
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What is the subtype of gangrene characterized by the presence of bacterial infection?
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What is the term used to describe the type of necrosis seen in the lung tissue, characterized by scattered pale areas and abscess formation?
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What is the characteristic of caseous necrosis in terms of tissue architecture?
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What is the example of caseous necrosis in the lung tissue?
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What is the term used to describe the type of necrosis seen in the hilar lymph node infected with tuberculosis?
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What is the term apoptosis derived from?
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What is the characteristic pattern of cell death in apoptosis?
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What is the feature of the plasma membrane in apoptosis?
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What is the mechanism of DNA degradation in apoptosis?
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What is the type of cell death that occurs due to withdrawal of growth stimuli?
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What is the characteristic feature of the nucleus in apoptosis?
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What is the type of apoptosis that occurs due to DNA damage?
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What is the characteristic feature of the cytoplasm in apoptosis?
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What is the main cause of fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis?
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What is the characteristic gross appearance of fat necrosis?
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What is the microscopic appearance of fat necrosis?
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What is the term for necrosis due to ischaemia?
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What is the characteristic of infarction?
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What is the difference between infarction and gangrene?
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What is the characteristic microscopic appearance of fibrinoid necrosis?
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What is the term for the production of soaps in fat necrosis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Injury
- Cell necrosis refers to morphological changes that occur after cell death in a living tissue or organ.
- Resulting from the degrading action of enzymes on irreversibly damaged cells with denaturation of cellular proteins.
Morphological Changes in Necrosis
- Cytoplasmic changes:
- More eosinophilia
- Loss of cytoplasmic RNA
- Increased binding of eosin to denatured proteins
- More homogeneous appearance
- Loss of glycogen particles
- Cytoplasm becomes vacuolated when enzymes have digested cytoplasmic organelles
- Nuclear changes:
- Chromatin clumping
- Pyknosis
- Karyorrhexis
- Karyolysis
Types of Cell Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Caseation (caseous) necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
Coagulative Necrosis
- Outlines of cells are still discernible, but fine structural details are lost
- Nuclei are lost
- Examples: confluent bronchopneumonia, brain infarction
Gangrenous Necrosis
- A term used in surgical practice: lower limb, intestine
- Gangrene = coagulative necrosis (ischemia) + liquefactive necrosis (bacterial infection)
- Two subtypes: dry gangrene and wet gangrene
Caseous Necrosis
- Accumulation of amorphous debris
- Tissue architecture is abolished
- Characteristically associated with certain infections, especially tuberculosis
- Examples: tuberculous lung, caseous necrosis in a hilar lymph node
Fat Necrosis
- Involves adipose tissue
- Mediated through lipases
- Seen in: acute pancreatitis, breast trauma (traumatic fat necrosis)
- Grossly: chalky white
- Microscopically: shadowy outlines of necrotic cells, surrounding inflammatory cells, calcium soaps: bluish deposits
Infarction
- Like gangrene, not a specific pattern of necrosis
- Term refers to the cause: when necrosis is due to ischemia
- Can be coagulative (e.g., myocardial infarct) or liquefactive (e.g., brain infarct)
Apoptosis
- A regulated suicide program in which cells activate enzymes capable of degrading their own nuclear DNA and other nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
- Apoptotic cells may appear as round or oval masses with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm
- Nuclei show chromatin condensation and aggregation, ultimately fragmentation
- Cells rapidly shrink, form cytoplasmic buds, and fragment into apoptotic bodies
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
- Single-cell death (apoptosis) vs groups of cells (necrosis)
- Active process (apoptosis) vs passive process (necrosis)
- Shrinkage, fragmentation, and preserved membrane continuity (apoptosis) vs swelling, lysis, and disordered structure (necrosis)
Apoptosis Triggers
- Intrinsic: withdrawal of growth stimuli, DNA damage
- Extrinsic: death signals, e.g., TRAIL and Fas ligand
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Description
This quiz covers the morphological changes that occur in cells and tissues following cellular injury and death, including necrosis and its effects on cellular proteins and RNA.
