Cellular Edema and Membrane Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of intracellular edema due to malnutrition?

  • Excess sodium inside the cells (correct)
  • Increased filtration rate in kidneys
  • Too much potassium outside the cells
  • Increased blood flow

Which of the following is NOT a cause of intracellular edema?

  • Poor metabolism
  • Malnutrition
  • Heart failure (correct)
  • Inflammation of tissues

What type of edema is characterized by the accumulation of fluid outside the cell?

  • Extracellular edema (correct)
  • Interstitial edema
  • Intracellular edema
  • Cytoplasmic edema

Which condition is associated with increased endothelial permeability leading to extracellular edema?

<p>Renal disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does heart failure contribute to extracellular edema?

<p>By raising venous and capillary pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT linked to poor metabolism and subsequent intracellular edema?

<p>Elevated blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does tissue inflammation play in intracellular edema?

<p>Increases membrane permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a common cause of extracellular edema?

<p>Obstruction of lymphatic vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure serves as the control center of the cell?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

<p>Synthesizing ribosomal RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component surrounds the nucleus and controls passage to and from the cytoplasm?

<p>Nuclear envelope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the plasma membrane?

<p>Phospholipids and proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as a jellylike substance where chemical reactions occur within the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main fluid portion of the cytoplasm called?

<p>Cytosol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing new protein molecules?

<p>Ribosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the granular endoplasmic reticulum from the agranular endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Presence of ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Packaging and processing of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in detoxifying harmful substances within the cell?

<p>Peroxisomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances does the agranular endoplasmic reticulum primarily synthesize?

<p>Lipid substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>A network of tubular and vesicular structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cells is the Golgi apparatus particularly prominent?

<p>Secretory cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion of damaged cellular structures and food particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lysosomes differ from peroxisomes?

<p>Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus, while peroxisomes are self-replicated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT typically digested by lysosomes?

<p>Waste materials generated during cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes?

<p>Damage to the lysosomal membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter range of typical lysosomes?

<p>250 to 750 nanometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrolase enzymes in lysosomes?

<p>To hydrolyze organic compounds into simpler substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the membrane surrounding lysosomes?

<p>Lipid bilayer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do transport vesicles that carry substances to the Golgi apparatus originate?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of integral proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>Provide structural channels for diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?

<p>They are mainly enzymes and transport controllers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the glycocalyx?

<p>Carbohydrates attached to proteins or lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are primarily responsible for the hydrophilic nature of the cell membrane?

<p>Polar head groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do integral proteins have selective properties?

<p>They allow diffusion of specific substances based on size and charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?

<p>Providing structural support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes integral proteins from peripheral proteins?

<p>Integral proteins span the membrane and can form channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the core of the membrane?

<p>Hydrophobic fatty acid tails (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Assist in protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying harmful molecules?

<p>Peroxisomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are primarily responsible for organizing spindle fibers during mitosis?

<p>Centrosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is crucial for synthesizing lipids and glycoproteins?

<p>Golgi complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microfilaments and microtubules?

<p>Provide structural support to the cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mitochondria mainly produce?

<p>ATP from food molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the packaging and secretion of molecules?

<p>Golgi complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia and flagella primarily used for?

<p>Moving cells or particles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is intracellular edema?

The accumulation of fluid inside a cell.

How does malnutrition cause intracellular edema?

Poor nutrition can lead to intracellular edema because it weakens the cell membrane's ability to pump out sodium ions. This causes an influx of water into the cell.

How does poor metabolism cause intracellular edema?

Poor blood supply results in oxygen deprivation, hindering the cell membrane's function and leading to intracellular edema.

How does inflammation cause intracellular edema?

Inflammation causes increased permeability of the cell membrane. This allows sodium ions to enter the cell, causing endosmosis and intracellular edema.

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What is extracellular edema?

An abnormal accumulation of fluid outside the cells.

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How does heart failure contribute to extracellular edema?

Increased capillary pressure due to heart failure causes fluid leakage into the interstitial space.

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Explain how heart failure and reduced blood pressure contribute to extracellular edema.

Reduced blood pressure in heart failure decreases the kidneys' ability to filter out sodium and water, leading to fluid retention and extracellular edema.

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What are some conditions that can cause extracellular edema?

Conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, and lymphatic obstruction can lead to extracellular edema.

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What is the function of the nucleus?

The cell's control center, containing genetic information and regulating cellular activity.

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What is the nuclear envelope?

A double-layered membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm, controlling the movement of substances between them.

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What is the nucleolus?

A dense, non-membranous structure within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomal RNA.

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What are chromosomes?

Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA, containing the genetic code that determines which proteins the cell will produce.

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What is cytoplasm?

A fluid, jelly-like substance filling the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus, where chemical reactions occur.

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Polar Head Group

The polar region of a phospholipid molecule, typically containing a phosphate group and a charged head group. It interacts with water molecules, making it hydrophilic.

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Hydrophobic Tail

The nonpolar region of a phospholipid molecule, consisting of long fatty acid chains. It repels water, making it hydrophobic.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

The arrangement of phospholipid molecules in a cell membrane, with the polar head groups facing the watery environment inside and outside the cell, and the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the membrane.

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Integral Proteins

Membrane proteins that span the entire width of the cell membrane, extending from the outer surface to the inner surface. They play various roles like transport, structural support, and cell signaling.

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Peripheral Proteins

Membrane proteins that attach to one side of the cell membrane, without penetrating the entire membrane. They often function as enzymes or regulate molecule transport.

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Channel Protein

A type of integral protein that forms channels through the cell membrane, allowing specific molecules or ions to pass across the membrane.

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Carrier Protein

A type of integral protein that binds to specific molecules and facilitates their transport across the cell membrane.

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Glycocalyx

A carbohydrate-rich layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane, composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids. It plays roles in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection.

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Cytosol

The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm, containing dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose. It's the medium in which the cell's organelles are suspended.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of tubules and flat, vesicular structures within the cytoplasm involved in protein synthesis and transport. It comes in two forms: granular and agranular.

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Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the ER studded with ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis. It's actively involved in manufacturing proteins for secretion and use within the cell.

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Agranular (Smooth) Endoplasmic Reticulum

Part of the ER without ribosomes. Involved in synthesizing lipids, steroids, and processing various substances.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs involved in packaging and processing proteins and lipids. It is particularly important in secretory cells.

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Lysosomes

Small, spherical organelles responsible for breaking down waste products and cellular debris through enzymes. They are like the cell's recycling center.

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Ribosomes

Tiny, granular particles attached to the ER in some cells. They are the sites of protein synthesis. They are like the 'protein factories' of the cell.

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Mitochondria

Small, membrane-bound organelles that are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce ATP, the cell's energy currency.

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Golgi Complex

A cluster of flattened membrane-bound sacs involved in processing and packaging molecules.

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Peroxisomes

Spherical membranous vesicles containing enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules.

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Centrosome

A non-membranous mass of two rod-like centrioles involved in organizing spindle fibers during cell division.

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Vacuoles

Membranous sacs that store and release various substances within the cytoplasm.

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What are ER vesicles?

Small vesicles that bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum and transport substances to the Golgi apparatus.

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What are lysosomes?

Organelles that act as the cell's recycling center, breaking down damaged structures, ingested food, and unwanted substances.

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What do lysosomes contain and what do these enzymes do?

They contain various hydrolytic enzymes, which break down organic compounds into smaller molecules like amino acids and glucose.

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How do lysosomes prevent damage to the cell?

Lysosome membranes usually protect other cellular components from the digestive enzymes.

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What happens when lysosome membranes break down?

Under certain conditions, lysosome membranes can break down, releasing the enzymes and allowing digestion of cellular components.

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What are peroxisomes?

Small, membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down hydrogen peroxide.

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How do peroxisomes form?

Peroxisomes are thought to form by self-replication or by budding from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, unlike lysosomes which originate from the Golgi apparatus.

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How are peroxisomes similar and different from lysosomes?

Peroxisomes and lysosomes are similar in size and appearance, but peroxisomes differ in their origin and function.

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Study Notes

Body Fluids

  • Isotonic Solutions: Solutions with solute concentrations equal inside and outside the cell. Water movement is balanced, no swelling or shrinking of the cell. Examples include 0.9% sodium chloride solution and 5% glucose solution.
  • Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions with lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside. Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. 0.3% sodium chloride solution is an example.
  • Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions with higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside, causing water to move out of the cell, leading to cell shrinkage (crenation). An example of a hypertonic solution is a 2% sodium chloride solution.

Edema

  • Definition: Swelling caused by excessive fluid accumulation in tissues. Can be generalized (throughout the body) or localized.
  • Types:
    • Intracellular edema: Fluid buildup inside the cells, caused by poor nutrition, poor metabolism, or tissue inflammation.
    • Extracellular edema: Fluid buildup outside the cells, due to
      • Heart failure: Poor pumping action leading to increased venous pressure and capillary pressure, causing fluid leakage.
      • Renal disease: Kidneys failing to properly excrete water and electrolytes (like sodium).
      • Decreased plasma proteins: Reduced colloidal osmotic pressure leads to increased capillary permeability.
      • Lymphatic obstruction: Impaired lymph drainage.
      • Increased endothelial permeability: Increased leakage from blood vessels, like in burns and inflammation.
  • Causes of extracellular edema:
    • Abnormal leakage of fluid from capillaries into the interstitial space.
    • Obstruction of lymphatic vessels, preventing fluid return from the interstitial space to the blood.

Organization of the Cell

  • Protoplasm: The combination of all the substances within a cell. Composed primarily of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
  • Ions: Important for cellular function, acting in cell membrane control mechanisms, and chemical reactions.
  • Proteins: Two types:
    • Structural: Provides cell framework.
    • Functional: Enzymes that catalyze specific reactions.
  • Lipids: For cell membrane structure.
  • Carbohydrates: Relatively minor structural role, primary energy source.

Cell Structures and Function

  • Cell membrane: Controls passage of substances into/out of the cell
  • Nucleus: Cell control center, contains genetic material.
  • Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production within the nucleus.
  • Cytoplasm: Fluid portion of the cell, where various cellular processes take place.
  • Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranes, involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
  • Golgi complex: Modifies and packages proteins. involved in secretion, cellular metabolism, and other various cellular activities
  • Lysosomes: Cellular digestion system.
  • Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances using oxidation reactions.
  • Mitochondria: Cellular powerhouses, site of energy production (ATP).
  • Cytosol: Liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
  • Centrosome/Centrioles: Organize microtubules during cell division.
  • Vacuoles: Stores various substances within cells.
  • Microfilaments and microtubules: Support cell shape and movement.
  • Cilia and flagella: Cell surface extensions for movement and sensation.
  • Secretory vesicles: Store and release substances outside the cell, often generated by the ER-Golgi system.

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Lecture 3: General Physiology - The Body Fluids PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the causes of intracellular and extracellular edema, as well as the essential structures of the cell membrane. This quiz covers conditions related to malnutrition, inflammation, and key cellular components. Assess your understanding of these critical biological concepts.

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