Questions and Answers
What is a key feature of asexual reproduction?
What are duplicated chromosomes held together by?
Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA replication?
In which type of reproduction is a zygote formed?
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What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
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Which structure is crucial for organizing cell division in mitosis?
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During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell most metabolically active?
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What happens to the cell during the G2 phase?
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What is the primary function of mitosis?
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During which stage do chromosomes align at the equator of the cell?
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What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
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What structure forms during late prophase in animal cells?
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What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
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What distinguishes cytokinesis in plant cells from animal cells?
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What occurs immediately after mitosis in the cell cycle?
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Which stage of mitosis has the nuclear envelope breaking down?
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What is a key feature of daughter cells after mitosis?
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Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the disappearance of the nucleolus?
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Study Notes
Cell Division Overview
- All cells originate from pre-existing cells.
- New cells are generated for growth and to replace damaged or aging cells.
- Division processes differ between prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria) and eukaryotes (e.g., protists, fungi, plants, animals).
Chromosomes During Division
- Duplicated chromosomes are known as sister chromatids, connected by a structure called the centromere.
Types of Cell Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to create two identical daughter cells (e.g., mitosis, binary fission).
- Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg and sperm) combining to form a zygote, which is genetically distinct from the parent cells (e.g., meiosis).
The Cell Cycle
- Comprises five phases:
- Interphase (G1, S, G2)
- Mitosis (M)
- Cytokinesis (C)
Phases of Interphase
- G1 Stage: Primary growth phase focused on cell maturation, organelle production, and normal metabolic activities.
- S Stage: DNA replication occurs, resulting in two identical copies of DNA.
- G2 Stage: Secondary growth phase where all necessary structures for division are created; includes synthesis of organelles and proteins.
Mitosis Definition
- Mitosis refers to the division of the nucleus, also known as karyokinesis.
- Specifically occurs in eukaryotic cells, not in certain types like brain cells.
- Contains four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitotic Stages
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the mitotic spindle forms.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator, attached via kinetochore fibers.
- Anaphase: Rapid separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles facilitated by kinetochore fibers.
- Telophase: Formation of nuclear envelopes around each set of chromatids, reappearance of nucleolus, and reversion of chromosomes to chromatin form.
Cytokinesis
- Refers to the division of the cytoplasm leading to two identical daughter cells.
- In plants, a cell plate forms to separate cells; in animals, a cleavage furrow is formed.
Characteristics of Daughter Cells
- Daughter cells have the same chromosome number as the parent cell and are identical to each other.
- They are initially smaller than the parent cell and must grow during the G1 stage of interphase to reach maturity.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential concepts of cell division, including the origin of cells, the role of new cells in growth and repair, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division. Understanding sister chromatids and their function in the process is also a key component.
